The Role of Single Nucleotide Variants of NOS1, NOS2, and NOS3 Genes in the Development of the Phenotype of Migraine and Arterial Hypertension

Abstract

Migraine (M) and arterial hypertension (AH) are very common diseases. Today, there are a number of studies confirming and explaining their comorbidity. We searched PubMed, Springer, Scopus, Web of Science, Clinicalkeys, and Google Scholar databases for full-text English publications over the past 15 years using keywords and their combinations. The present review provides a synthesis of information about single nucleotide variants (SNVs) of NOS1, NOS2, and NOS3 genes involved in the development of M and essential AH. The results of studies we have discussed in this review are contradictory, which might be due to different designs of the studies, small sample sizes in some of them, as well as different social and geographical environments. Despite a high prevalence of the M and AH phenotype, its genetic markers have not yet been sufficiently studied. Specifically, there are separate molecular genetic studies aimed to identify SNVs of NOS1, NOS2, and NOS3 genes responsible for the development of M and those responsible for the development of AH. However, these SNVs have not been studied in patients with the phenotype of M and AH. In this review, we identify the SNVs that would be the most interesting to study in this aspect. Understanding the role of environmental factors and genetic predictors will contribute to a better diagnostics and exploration of new approaches to pathogenetic and disease-modifying treatment of the M and AH phenotype.

New Genetic Biomarkers of the Overlap Syndrome Tension-Type Headache and Arterial Hypertension

“…However, the association of the primary headache with SNVs of the NOS1 gene was studied, but with other SNVs and in patients with migraines [ 16 ]. No associations were found in patients with migraines in Turkish (Alaşehirli B. et al (2012) [ 30 ]), Japanese (Ishii M. et al (2014) [ 31 ]), and Spanish (García-Martín E. et al (2015) [ 32 ]) populations.…”

“…The genetic predisposition to TTH and TTH and AH overlap syndrome is poorly understood [ 2 ] compared to other similar overlap syndromes, for example, migraine and AH overlap syndrome [ 16 ]. However, according to epidemiological studies, the prevalence of TTH among hypertensive patients ranged from 33.4% to 85.0% [ 17 , 18 ], mean—59.2%, and the prevalence of migraine among hypertensive patients ranged from 15.0% to 66.6% [ 17 , 18 ], mean—40.8%.…”

Genetic Profiling of the Nitric Oxide Synthases’ System in a 55-Year-Old Woman with the Tension-Type Headache and Arterial Hypertension Phenotype: Case Report

“…To our knowledge, the role of this SNV in TTH development has not been previously investigated, either in the general population or in hypertensive patients. No associations were found in patients with other primary headache, including migraines [13] in Turkish (Alaşehirli B. et al (2012) [14]), Japanese (Ishii M. et al (2014) [15]), and Spanish (García-Martín E. et al (2015) [16]) populations. This SNV also has previously been investigated as a genetic biomarker for AH.…”

Candidate Genes and Proteomic Biomarkers of Serum and Urine in Medication-Overuse Headache

“…Possible mechanisms include the anti-inflammatory role of vitamin D, specifically, decreased production of inflammatory substances which activate trigeminal nerve, the main structure involved in migraine development [68,69]. Moreover, by inhibiting nitric oxide (NO) synthase expression, vitamin D reduces the production of NO, a key endogenous mediator in headaches, such as migraine [70] and tension-type headaches [71], deficient levels of VDBP in MOH patients can be associated with a decreased level of vitamin D, which can be one of the mechanisms of chronic headache development.…”