The Role of Sexual Assault on the Risk of PTSD among Gulf War Veterans

Kang, Han K.; Dalager, Nancy A.; Mahan, Clare M.; Ishii, Erick K.

doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2004.05.009

Cited by 190 publications

(169 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Additionally, a significant dose response association between PTSD and level of trauma (none being lowest and sexual assault highest) was supported (p < .0001) (Kang et al, 2005). In a study of activated reserve troops (n = 3,946), MST was associated with greater risk of depression (AOR 4.51, 95% CI = 3.30-6.16) and lifetime PTSD (AOR 7.03, 95% CI = 5.05-9.79) .…”

Section: Military Sexual Traumamentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Although reported MST decreased from 46% of female Vietnam War veterans in 1995 to 24% of Gulf War female veterans in 2002, those who experienced sexual harassment (AOR 2.52, 95% CI = 1.91-3.33) or assault (AOR 5.41, were more likely to have PTSD from MST even after statistical adjustment for other trauma covariates, including combat exposure (Kang et al, 2005). Additionally, a significant dose response association between PTSD and level of trauma (none being lowest and sexual assault highest) was supported (p < .0001) (Kang et al, 2005).…”

Section: Military Sexual Traumamentioning

confidence: 96%

“…MST was cited by female veterans as the worst traumatization (68.3%) over physical assault (15.8%) and combat (5.6%) (Schnurr, Friedman, & Engel, 2007) and was found closely associated with increased victimization after discharge (Sadler, Booth, Mengeling, & Doebbeling, 2004). Dose response to level of MST and its association with subsequent PTSD (Kang, Dalager, Mahan, & Ishii, 2005) prompted mandated routine universal MST screening (Kimerling, Street, Gima, & Smith, 2008) and provides impetus for exploration of association with autonomic tone.…”

Section: Response Of Women's Hearts To Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Military Sexual Trauma Exposure and Heart Rate Variability Outcomes in Female Veterans

Lee¹

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DEDICATIONThis dissertation is dedicated to God, who opened my eyes, ears and heart to the abuse and suffering of women everywhere, including my Aunt Ethel who suffered at the hands of her husband when I was a child; my friend and former nursing student Micah, who died from her injuries; and all those abused that I cared for in numerous hospitals, clinics, and shelters through the years. I want to especially acknowledge the sacrifice made by the veterans who experienced military sexual trauma while serving our country.iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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Section: Military Sexual Traumamentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Military Sexual Traumamentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Response Of Women's Hearts To Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Military Sexual Trauma Exposure and Heart Rate Variability Outcomes in Female Veterans

Lee¹

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“…Considering the holistic aspect of these severe combat injuries, our result suggests that the severity of PTSD could be attributable to how personally affected the woman service member is by her experience. Other aspects, as suggested in the literature, including how women deal with witnessing death, history of military sex trauma, and concomitant mental health conditions, may exacerbate PTSD symptoms for women service members [20,22,34].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disability After Deployment Injury: Are Women and Men Service Members Different?

Rivera

Hylden

Johnson

2015

Clinical Orthopaedics &Amp; Related Research

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Background Civilian trauma literature suggests sexual dimorphism in outcomes after trauma. Because women represent an increasing demographic among veterans, the question remains if war trauma outcomes, like civilian trauma outcomes, differ between genders. Questions/purposes (1) Do women service members develop different conditions resulting in long-term disability compared with men service members after injuries sustained during deployment? (2) Do women service members have more or less severe disability after deployment injury compared with men service members? (3) Are men or women more likely to return to duty after combat injury?Methods The Department of Defense Trauma Registry was queried for women injured during deployment from 2001 to 2011. The subjects were then queried in the Physical Evaluation Board database to determine each subject's return-to-duty status and what disabling conditions and disability percentages were assigned to those who did not return to duty. Frequency of disabling conditions, disability percentages, and return-to-duty rates for 368 women were compared with a previously published cohort of 450 men service members, 378 of whom had orthopaedic injuries.Results Women who were unable to return to duty had a higher frequency of arthritic conditions (58% 378] of men, p = 0.0410; RR, 0.169; 95% CI, 0.023-1.224). Women had more severely rated posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) compared with men (38% ± 23% versus 19% ± 17%). Forty-eight percent (64 of 133) of battle-injured women were unable to return to active duty, resulting in a lower return-to-duty rate compared with men (34% [450 of 1333]; p = 0.003). Conclusions After deployment-related injury, women have higher rates of arthritis, lower rates of pain disorders, and more severely rated PTSD compared with men. Women are unable to return to duty more often than men injured in combat. These results suggest some difference between men's and women's outcomes after deployment injury, important information for military and Veterans Administration providers seeking to minimize postdeployment disability.

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“…Military sexual assault (MSA) contributes to the incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in veterans. Among Gulf War veterans, being sexually assaulted increased the odds of developing PTSD to a greater degree than did combat experience for both men and women (Kang, Dalager, Mahan, & Ishii, 2005). Of the 2 million Americans who have served in Iraq and Afghanistan since 2001, 11% (more than 220,000) have been women (Alvarez, 2009).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reengineering Gender Relations in Modern Militaries: An Evolutionary Perspective

Hannagan

Arrow

2011

Journal of Trauma & Dissociation

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The Role of Sexual Assault on the Risk of PTSD among Gulf War Veterans

Cited by 190 publications

References 9 publications

Military Sexual Trauma Exposure and Heart Rate Variability Outcomes in Female Veterans

Military Sexual Trauma Exposure and Heart Rate Variability Outcomes in Female Veterans

Disability After Deployment Injury: Are Women and Men Service Members Different?

Reengineering Gender Relations in Modern Militaries: An Evolutionary Perspective

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