“…While CI is still in its infancy, many research have been conducted in this field (Maune, 2019;Madureira, Popovič & Castelli, 2023;Wu, Yan & Umair, 2023) Research indicates that CI evolves from several fields such as strategic management, military, information science, library, knowledge management, and information management (Shujahat, Hussain, Javed, Malik, Thurasamy & Ali, 2017;Dewi & Darma, 2019;Priporas, 2019;Maune, 2019;Cavallo, Sanasi, Ghezzi and Rangone, 2020;Freyn & Farley, 2020;Al-Aubaidy, 2023;Rahma & Sabri, 2023). In the military, CI was used to gather information about the enemies with the intension of countering their plans.…”