“…Consequently, the predict, observe, explain, and evaluate (POEE) pedagogical design, an extended version of POE, has been utilised in this study to provide a series of inquiry phases for student learning in an asynchronous, self-directed, online environment. The details of the development of this pedagogical design have been reported elsewhere (Al Al Mamun and Lawrie Smart Learning Environments (2023) 10:1 Mamun, 2018;Al Mamun et al, 2020). Figure 3 shows the schematic representation of the POEE pedagogical framework.…”