The role of SARS-CoV-2 accessory proteins in immune evasion

Zandi, Milad; Shafaati, Maryam; Kalantar-Neyestanaki, Davood; Pourghadamyari, Hossein; Fani, Mona; Soltani, Saber; Kaleji, Hassan; Abbasi, Saeed

doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113889

Cited by 61 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 59 publications

(93 reference statements)

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“…This system allows generating attenuated SARS-CoV-2 mimicking authentic viruses that could cause multiple rounds of infection in permissive cells ( Liu et al, 2022c ). This approach is based on the knowledge that SARS-CoV-2 accessory proteins are not essential for viral replication but can modulate replication and pathogenesis ( Chen et al, 2022 ; Timilsina et al, 2022 ; Xia et al, 2020 ; Zandi et al, 2022 ). Deletion of accessory genes (ORF3678) would attenuate viral infection in immune-competent cells.…”

Section: Bsl2-adapted Sars-cov-2 Reverse Genetic Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reverse genetic systems of SARS-CoV-2 for antiviral research

2023

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Section: Bsl2-adapted Sars-cov-2 Reverse Genetic Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reverse genetic systems of SARS-CoV-2 for antiviral research

2023

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“…Current vaccine immunogens were largely developed as pre-fusion S protein derivatives with newer candidates progressing through clinical trials with a goal to reduce chronic COVID-19 disease burden within populations as research continues. The SARS-CoV-2 genome is approximately 30 kilobases encoding 9860 amino acids and defined by open reading frames (ORF) and non-structural proteins (NSP) required for viral propagation within all animal hosts [ 5 ]. The SARS-CoV-2 genome hosts 16 ORFs that encode 29 proteins required for viral propagation and host immune response inhibition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innate and Adaptive Immunity during SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Biomolecular Cellular Markers and Mechanisms

Brown¹,

Ojha²,

Fricke³

et al. 2023

Vaccines

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The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was caused by a positive sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, other human coronaviruses (hCoVs) exist. Historical pandemics include smallpox and influenza, with efficacious therapeutics utilized to reduce overall disease burden through effectively targeting a competent host immune system response. The immune system is composed of primary/secondary lymphoid structures with initially eight types of immune cell types, and many other subtypes, traversing cell membranes utilizing cell signaling cascades that contribute towards clearance of pathogenic proteins. Other proteins discussed include cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complexes (MHC), pleiotropic interleukins (IL), and chemokines (CXC). The historical concepts of host immunity are the innate and adaptive immune systems. The adaptive immune system is represented by T cells, B cells, and antibodies. The innate immune system is represented by macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and the complement system. Other viruses can affect and regulate cell cycle progression for example, in cancers that include human papillomavirus (HPV: cervical carcinoma), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV: lymphoma), Hepatitis B and C (HB/HC: hepatocellular carcinoma) and human T cell Leukemia Virus-1 (T cell leukemia). Bacterial infections also increase the risk of developing cancer (e.g., Helicobacter pylori). Viral and bacterial factors can cause both morbidity and mortality alongside being transmitted within clinical and community settings through affecting a host immune response. Therefore, it is appropriate to contextualize advances in single cell sequencing in conjunction with other laboratory techniques allowing insights into immune cell characterization. These developments offer improved clarity and understanding that overlap with autoimmune conditions that could be affected by innate B cells (B1+ or marginal zone cells) or adaptive T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and other pathologies. Thus, this review starts with an introduction into host respiratory infection before examining invaluable cellular messenger proteins and then individual immune cell markers.

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“…Or, if spike Omicron VOC is used as an immunogen, will the protective immunity be significant? It is unclear which variant-based vaccine is more effective in cross-protection [ 10 , 11 ]. With this logic in mind and based on BIV1-CovIran studies, in this study, in addition to the laboratory findings, we performed a molecular dynamics (MD)-based bioinformatics analysis of the interaction between spike-RBD and hACE2 to highlight the effect of mutations between Alpha , Beta , Delta , and Omicron VOCs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%