The role of salt in whitecap persistence

Scott, J.

doi:10.1016/0011-7471(75)90002-9

Cited by 48 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The Bernoulli relation V = (2gh) 1 ⁄2 gave an impact speed of the jet V = 2.84 m s −1 . This value is within the range of the previously reported jet impact velocity of 1-7 m s −1 [15,35,36]. Note that estimating V from the Bernoulli equation is an upper bound as this estimate ignores losses from entrance, bend, and friction.…”

Section: Bubble Cloud Formationsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…For example, pouring of water in a tank with a tipping trough or bucket [20,21], or collision of two water waves in a tank [29] simulate intermittent breaking events and episodic (discrete) formation of bubble clouds. In contrast, experimental setups using injection of air through porous media such as glass frits or an aquarium diffuser, vertical or inclined plunging water jets, and weirs (in water jet or waterfall configurations) [15,[30][31][32][33][34], simulate continuous (steady) formation of bubble clouds.…”

Section: Bubble Cloud Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Physicochemical processes-such as bubble coalescence and bubble coating by surface film-governed by the chemical composition of the water, including its salinity and the presence of organics or surface active materials (surfactants), also affect bubble size distributions and their evolution [15][16][17]. Early experiments on the effect of salinity have shown the formation of more bubbles of all sizes in more saline waters [15,18,19]. Observations have also shown narrowing of the bubble size spectrum towards small sizes as the mean bubble radius decreases from fresh to more saline waters [20][21][22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Salinity on Bubble Cloud Characteristics

Anguelova

Huq

2017

JMSE

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A laboratory experiment investigates the influence of salinity on the characteristics of bubble clouds in varying saline solutions. Bubble clouds were generated with a water jet. Salinity, surface tension, and water temperature were monitored. Measured bubble cloud parameters include the number of bubbles, the void fraction, the penetration depth, and the cloud shape. The number of large (above 0.5 mm diameter) bubbles within a cloud increases by a factor of three from fresh to saline water of 20 psu (practical salinity units), and attains a maximum value for salinity of 12-25 psu. The void fraction also has maximum value in the range 12-25 psu. The results thus show that both the number of bubbles and the void fraction vary nonmonotonically with increasing salinity. The lateral shape of the bubble cloud does not change with increasing salinity; however, the lowest point of the cloud penetrates deeper as smaller bubbles are generated.

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Section: Bubble Cloud Formationsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Bubble Cloud Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Salinity on Bubble Cloud Characteristics

Anguelova

Huq

2017

JMSE

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“…0148-0227/99/1998JC900064 $09.00 water under similar wind conditions [Scott, 1975] and that the residence times of whitecaps are significantly different in the two media [Monahan and Zeitlow, 1969]. Laboratory studies have found that spectra of larger bubbles entrained in simulated breaking waves possess an order of magnitude greater number of bubbles in seawater than in fresh water [Haines and •1ohn-son, 1995].…”

Section: Paper Number 1998jc900064mentioning

confidence: 99%

Bubble shattering: Differences in bubble formation in fresh water and seawater

Slauenwhite¹,

Johnson²

1999

J. Geophys. Res.

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Abstract. Breaking waves result in very different populations of bubbles in fresh water and seawater. The differences in sizes and numbers of bubbles in the two media cause significant differences in many natural processes including gas transfer and generation of aerosols as well as affect sound and light propagation and ambient sound production. Observed differences in bubble populations in seawater and fresh water have in the past been attributed to coalescence inhibition in seawater, but bubble-shattering studies described here suggest that other factors may be important. When air bubbles are expanded through an orifice at constant pressure drop, they can be made to shatter into clouds of smaller bubbles. We report here measurements showing that the number and size distribution of resulting populations depend on the physical and chemical characteristics of the water samples. In particular, bubbles were found to break up into 4-5 times more small bubbles in seawater than in fresh water. The number of bubbles produced in shattering was found to be a function of salt concentration but was especially sensitive to the types of ions present. In addition, medium from the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum was found to further double production numbers, and a decrease in temperature from 20øC to 3øC was found to increase bubble production in seawater by nearly 50%. These effects appear to be separate from coalescence inhibition, the factor usually cited for differences in bubble populations in fresh water and seawater.

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“…25 These bubbles generally persist for many wave periods in seawater and do not tend to coalesce and hence remain small, rising slowly through the water. 26 For wave breaking on structures, aeration has an effect on the impact loading causing discrepancies in time histories and maximum values of pressure between pure fresh water and aerated fresh water. [27][28][29] Despite these past crucial research works, studies of the bubble effect during the entry of flat plates or other blunt bodies into aerated water are quite limited so far.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pure and aerated water entry of a flat plate

Causon

Qian

et al. 2016

Physics of Fluids

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This paper presents an experimental and numerical investigation of the entry of a rigid square flat plate into pure and aerated water. Attention is focused on the measurement and calculation of the slamming loads on the plate. The experimental study was carried out in the ocean basin at Plymouth University’s COAST laboratory. The present numerical approach extends a two-dimensional hydro-code to compute three-dimensional hydrodynamic impact problems. The impact loads on the structure computed by the numerical model compare well with laboratory measurements. It is revealed that the impact loading consists of distinctive features including (1) shock loading with a high pressure peak, (2) fluid expansion loading associated with very low sub-atmospheric pressure close to the saturated vapour pressure, and (3) less severe secondary reloading with super-atmospheric pressure. It is also disclosed that aeration introduced into water can effectively reduce local pressures and total forces on the flat plate. The peak impact loading on the plate can be reduced by half or even more with 1.6% aeration in water. At the same time, the lifespan of shock loading is prolonged by aeration, and the variation of impulse is less sensitive to the change of aeration than the peak loading.

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The role of salt in whitecap persistence

Cited by 48 publications

References 8 publications

Effects of Salinity on Bubble Cloud Characteristics

Effects of Salinity on Bubble Cloud Characteristics

Bubble shattering: Differences in bubble formation in fresh water and seawater

Pure and aerated water entry of a flat plate

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