The role of salivary caffeine clearance in the diagnosis of chronic liver disease

Tiwari, Brijesh K.; Patil, Ranjitkumar; Khanna, Vikram; Singh, V. K.

doi:10.1016/j.jobcr.2014.12.003

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…Thus, saliva can be used as an effective biochemical parameter for the diagnosis of chronic liver diseases (CLDs) and assessment of residual liver function in CLD. 51 The saliva of patients with chronic renal failure presented significantly higher levels of NO. After haemodialysis treatment, the saliva showed significantly higher levels of immunoglobulin (Ig)A, IgG and CRP.…”

Section: Diagnosis Of Systematic Diseases By Salivamentioning

confidence: 97%

Saliva in the diagnosis of diseases

et al. 2016

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Saliva is secreted from the salivary glands and has multiple functions, including mouth cleaning and protection, antibacterial effects and digestion. With the rapid advancement in salivaomics, saliva is well recognized as a pool of biological markers. Saliva, as a non-invasive and safe source, could be a substitute for blood in the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases. This review summarizes the latest advancements in saliva-related studies and addresses the potential value of saliva in the early diagnosis of oral diseases, such as dental caries and periodontal disease, as well as cancer, diabetes and other systemic disorders. Saliva biomarkers range from changes in the biochemical indices of DNA, RNA and proteins to the diversification of microbiota structures. This study integrates data reported in the recent literature and discusses the clinical significance and prospects for the application of saliva in the early diagnosis of diseases, translational medicine and precision medicine.

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Section: Diagnosis Of Systematic Diseases By Salivamentioning

confidence: 97%

Saliva in the diagnosis of diseases

et al. 2016

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“…Their early and correct diagnosis is always a concern among physicians, especially the residual liver function (Tripathi et al, 2015). Liver function test by use of serum enzymes is a good tool but it is usually difficult in screening patients exhibiting or concealing signs of liver disease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum cholinesterase as liver function test in cirrhotic patients at Soba Teaching hospital, Khartoum, Sudan

Mohamed¹,

Amanullah²,

Amanvermez³

et al. 2017

Int Res J Med Med Sci

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It is suggested that plasma cholinesterase level is affected by liver cirrhosis due to hepatocyte injury. The objective of this study was to determine cholinesterase values in association with albumin and prothrombin during both the compensated and decompensated stages in cirrhotic patients. A total of 150 consecutive episodes of liver cirrhotic patients, aged (68.9 ± 10 years) admitted to the hospital between June 2015 and December 2015 were studied. They were classified into subgroups according to severity and the stages of disease into group A (compensated stage) and group B (decompensated stage), each containing 75 patients. Fifty apparently healthy participants aged 64.5 ± 13 years were recruited as controls. Blood samples were drawn and targeted parameters were assessed using commercial kits according to the manufacturer's guide. SPSS package was used for data analysis. There was a significant difference in the mean serum cholinesterase activity, albumin level and prothrombin time of cases and controls. The mean serum cholinesterase value of compensated cirrhotic patients was 3143.83 ± 1583.44 IU/L and it was significantly higher (p = 0.000) than that of decompensated cirrhotic patients (1895.32 ± 531.79 IU/L). There was a strong negative correlation between serum cholinesterase activity and prothrombin time (r = -0.580, p = 0.000) and a strong positive correlation between serum cholinesterase activity and albumin concentration (r = 0.617, p = 0.00). The results conclude that, cholinesterase level reflects liver cell conditions wherein low levels indicate hepatocellular damage. In addition, its levels are stable and not easily affected by medications that are given for cirrhotic patients thus, can be used as a marker for the diagnosis and prognosis of liver damage along with prothrombin time and albumin.

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“…The MR of various metabolites at 4 hours after dosing in plasma, saliva and urine correlate well with the apparent caffeine clearance, 0.84, 0.82, 0.61, respectively (Carrillo et al, 2000). The MRs measured in plasma and urine have been historically most popular, however, measurements in saliva are more and more applied, especially in epidemiological studies (Tantcheva-Poór et al, 1999;Kukongviriyapan et al, 2004;Tripathi et al, 2015;Chia et al, 2016;Urry et al, 2016;Puri et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…For caffeine which is predominantly metabolized by the liver, various liver diseases result in a strong reduction in caffeine clearance. The most profound reduction is observed in cirrhotic liver disease, correlating with the degree of hepatic impairment determined by other measures such as the Child-Turcotte-Pugh-Score (CTP) (Holstege et al, 1989;Park et al, 2003;Jodynis-Liebert et al, 2004;Tripathi et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacokinetics of caffeine: A systematic analysis of reported data for application in metabolic phenotyping and liver function testing

Grzegorzewski

Bartsch

Köller

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Caffeine is by far the most ubiquitous psychostimulant worldwide found in tea, coffee, cocoa, energy drinks, and many other beverages. Caffeine is almost completely metabolized in the liver by the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system mainly to paraxanthine and the additional products theobromine and theophylline. Besides its stimulating properties, two important applications of caffeine are metabolic phenotyping of cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) and liver function testing. An open challenge in this context is to identify underlying causes of the large inter-individual variability in caffeine pharmacokinetics. Data is urgently needed to understand and quantify confounding factors such as lifestyle (e.g. smoking), the effects of drug-caffeine interactions (e.g. medication metabolized via CYP1A2), and the effect of disease. Here we report the first integrative and systematic analysis of data on caffeine pharmacokinetics from 147 publications and provide a comprehensive high-quality data set on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine, caffeine metabolites, and their metabolic ratios in human adults. The data set is enriched by meta-data on the characteristics of studied patient cohorts and subjects (e.g. age, body weight, smoking status, health status), the applied interventions (e.g. dosing, substance, route of application), measured pharmacokinetic time-courses, and pharmacokinetic parameters (e.g. clearance, half-life, area under the curve). We demonstrate via multiple applications how the data set can be used to solidify existing knowledge and gain new insights relevant for metabolic phenotyping and liver function testing based on caffeine. Specifically, we analyzed (i) the alteration of caffeine pharmacokinetics with smoking and oral contraceptive use; (ii) drug-drug interactions with caffeine as possible confounding factors of caffeine pharmacokinetics or source of adverse effects; (iii) alteration of caffeine pharmacokinetics in disease; and (iv) the applicability of caffeine as a salivary test substance by comparison of plasma and saliva data. In conclusion, our data set and analyses provide important resources which could enable more accurate caffeine-based metabolic phenotyping and liver function testing.

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The role of salivary caffeine clearance in the diagnosis of chronic liver disease

Cited by 10 publications

References 22 publications

Saliva in the diagnosis of diseases

Saliva in the diagnosis of diseases

Serum cholinesterase as liver function test in cirrhotic patients at Soba Teaching hospital, Khartoum, Sudan

Pharmacokinetics of caffeine: A systematic analysis of reported data for application in metabolic phenotyping and liver function testing

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