The Role of Rain in Dispersal of Pathogen Inoculum

Fitt, Bruce D.L.; McCartney, H. A.; Walklate, P J

doi:10.1146/annurev.py.27.090189.001325

Cited by 258 publications

(152 citation statements)

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“…The power law l nM ∼ We 1/2 [Eq. (8)] for the edge is similar to the dependence on √ We of Eq. (12) obtained for the pole [38][39][40].…”

Section: Comparison To the Radial Extension In Axisymmetric Impactsupporting

confidence: 65%

“…The coefficient 0.9 in Eq. (8) indicates that l nM = 0 for δ = 0.9 < 1. This is counterintuitive, as it suggests that on the solid, away from the edge, the spreading is slightly larger (by 10%) despite surface shear.…”

Section: B Expansion and Retraction Of The Liquid Sheet In The Air mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The optimization of the timing and amount of sprayed chemicals in the context of smart agriculture requires improved understanding of disease spread in the field [4][5][6][7]. Rain was found to be correlated with the dispersal of foliar diseases such as Septoria leaf blotch and Fusarium head blight, affecting wheat and rice, respectively [8][9][10]. Prior studies mainly focused on dispersal statistics collected at the level of crop fields or parcels [9,[11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Edge effect: Liquid sheet and droplets formed by drop impact close to an edge

2018

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Asymmetric liquid sheet fragmentation is ubiquitous in nature and potentially shapes critical phenomena such as rain-induced propagation of foliar diseases. In this experimental study, we investigate the formation and fragmentation of a liquid sheet upon impact of a drop close to the edge of a solid substrate. Both the impact Weber number and the offset, the distance from the impact point to the edge, are systematically varied. Their influence on the kinematics of the liquid sheet and the subsequent statistics of droplet ejection are rationalized. Three major asymmetry scenarios are identified and linked to distinct droplet ejection patterns. Scaling laws are proposed to rationalize these scenarios based on impact parameters.

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“…The power law l nM ∼ We 1/2 [Eq. (8)] for the edge is similar to the dependence on √ We of Eq. (12) obtained for the pole [38][39][40].…”

Section: Comparison To the Radial Extension In Axisymmetric Impactsupporting

confidence: 65%

Section: B Expansion and Retraction Of The Liquid Sheet In The Air mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Edge effect: Liquid sheet and droplets formed by drop impact close to an edge

2018

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“…These fungal spores detach from the host by raindrops and disperse in splash droplets. The mucilage surrounding splash-borne spores protects them from desiccation and loss of viability under unfavorable conditions [37]. Climate change may alter the degree of mutualism between plant and fungi that even changes the efficacy of transmission of the endophyte from mother to daughter plant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal deviation effects foliar endophyte assemblage and diversity in Asparagus racemosus and Hemidesmus indicus

2018

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BackgroundFungal endophytes are the living symbionts which cause no apparent damage to the host tissue. The distribution pattern of these endophytes within a host plant is mediated by environmental factors. This study was carried out to explore the fungal endophyte community and their distribution pattern in Asparagus racemosus and Hemidesmus indicus growing in the study area.ResultsFoliar endophytes were isolated for 2 years from A. racemosus and H. indicus at four different seasons (June–August, September–November, December–February, March–May). A total of 5400 (675/season/year) leaf segments harbored 38 fungal species belonging to 17 genera, 12 miscellaneous mycelia sterile from 968 isolates and 13 had yeast like growth. In A. racemosus, Acremonium strictum and Phomopsis sp.1, were dominant with overall relative colonization densities (RCD) of 7.11% and 5.44% respectively, followed by Colletotrichum sp.3 and Colletotrichum sp.1 of 4.89% and 4.83% respectively. In H. indicus the dominant species was A. strictum having higher overall RCD of 5.06%, followed by Fusarium moniliforme and Colletotrichum sp.2 with RCD of 3.83% and 3%, respectively. Further the overall colonization and isolation rates were higher during the wet periods (September–November) in both A. racemosus (92.22% and 95.11%) and H. indicus (82% and 77.11%).ConclusionStudy samples treated with 0.2% HgCl2 and 75% EtOH for 30 s and 1 min, respectively, confirmed most favorable method of isolation of the endophytes. Owing to high mean isolation and colonization rates, September–November season proved to be the optimal season for endophyte isolation in both the study plants. Assessing the bioactive potential of these endophytes, may lead to the isolation of novel natural products and metabolites.

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“…Mitchell et al 2002;Rottstock et al 2014). Additionally, many aboveground pathogens can induce severe epidemics, because of their fast and long-range (up to kilometers) air-borne dispersal (Fitt et al 1989;Brown and Hovmøller 2002). In contrast, the effects of belowground soil-borne fungal pathogens are mostly obscured due to their generally short-range dispersal capacities (cm to max.…”

Section: Soil-borne Pathogenic Fungi In Species-rich Grasslandsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linking ecology and plant pathology to unravel the importance of soil-borne fungal pathogens in species-rich grasslands

et al. 2018

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Soil-borne fungal diseases are a major problem in agriculture. A century ago, the Dutch plant pathologist Johanna Westerdijk recognized the importance of linking fungal biology with ecology to understand plant disease dynamics. To explore new ways to manage soil-borne fungal disease in agriculture by 'learning from nature', we follow in her footsteps: we link below ground plant-fungal pathogen interactions to ecological settings, i.e. natural grasslands. Ecological research hypothesised that the build-up of 'enemies' is reduced in species-rich vegetation compared to monocultures. To understand how plant diversity can suppress soilborne fungal pathogens, we first need to identify fungal actors in species-rich grasslands. Next-generation sequencing revealed a first glimpse of the potential fungal actors, but their ecological functions often remain elusive. Databases are becoming available to predict the ecological fungal guild, but classic phytopathology studies that isolate and characterize -taxonomically and functionally -, remain essential. Secondly, we need to set-up experiments that reveal ecological mechanisms underlying the complex below ground interactions between plant diversity and fungal pathogens. Several studies suggested that disease incidence of (hostspecific) pathogens is related to abundance of the host plant species. However, recent studies suggest that next to host species density, presence of heterospecific species additionally affects disease dynamics. We explore the direct and indirect ways of these neighboring plants diluting pathogen pressure. We argue that combining the expertise of plant pathologists and ecologists will improve our understanding of belowground plant-fungal pathogen interactions in natural grasslands and contribute to the design of sustainable and productive intercropping strategies in agriculture.

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The Role of Rain in Dispersal of Pathogen Inoculum

Cited by 258 publications

References 0 publications

Edge effect: Liquid sheet and droplets formed by drop impact close to an edge

Edge effect: Liquid sheet and droplets formed by drop impact close to an edge

Seasonal deviation effects foliar endophyte assemblage and diversity in Asparagus racemosus and Hemidesmus indicus

Linking ecology and plant pathology to unravel the importance of soil-borne fungal pathogens in species-rich grasslands

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