The Role of Racial Residential Segregation in Black-White Disparities in Firearm Homicide at the State Level in the United States, 1991-2015

Knopov, Anita; Rothman, Emily F.; Cronin, Shea; Franklin, Lydia; Cansever, Alev; Potter, Fiona; Mesic, Aldina; Sharma, Anika; Xuan, Ziming; Siegel, Michael; Hemenway, David

doi:10.1016/j.jnma.2018.06.002

Cited by 37 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Most of these studies have used the dissimilarity index, a racial segregation measure representing the percentage of a group’s population that would have to move for each neighborhood to have the same percentage of that group as the entire metropolitan area. In a state-level ecological study, a higher level of dissimilarity was linked to a higher homicide rate among black individuals yet a lower homicide rate among white individuals [81]. Other studies have found positive or null associations between racial segregation and homicide rates in Hispanic individuals [82–84].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social determinants of health in relation to firearm-related homicides in the United States: A nationwide multilevel cross-sectional study

Kim

2019

PLoS Med

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BackgroundGun violence has shortened the average life expectancy of Americans, and better knowledge about the root causes of gun violence is crucial to its prevention. While some empirical evidence exists regarding the impacts of social and economic factors on violence and firearm homicide rates, to the author’s knowledge, there has yet to be a comprehensive and comparative lagged, multilevel investigation of major social determinants of health in relation to firearm homicides and mass shootings.Methods and findingsThis study used negative binomial regression models and geolocated gun homicide incident data from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2015, to explore and compare the independent associations of key state-, county-, and neighborhood-level social determinants of health—social mobility, social capital, income inequality, racial and economic segregation, and social spending—with neighborhood firearm-related homicides and mass shootings in the United States, accounting for relevant state firearm laws and a variety of state, county, and neighborhood (census tract [CT]) characteristics. Latitude and longitude coordinates on firearm-related deaths were previously collected by the Gun Violence Archive, and then linked by the British newspaper The Guardian to CTs according to 2010 Census geographies. The study population consisted of all 74,134 CTs as defined for the 2010 Census in the 48 states of the contiguous US. The final sample spanned 70,579 CTs, containing an estimated 314,247,908 individuals, or 98% of the total US population in 2015. The analyses were based on 13,060 firearm-related deaths in 2015, with 11,244 non-mass shootings taking place in 8,673 CTs and 141 mass shootings occurring in 138 CTs. For area-level social determinants, lag periods of 3 to 17 years were examined based on existing theory, empirical evidence, and data availability. County-level institutional social capital (levels of trust in institutions), social mobility, income inequality, and public welfare spending exhibited robust relationships with CT-level gun homicide rates and the total numbers of combined non-mass and mass shooting homicide incidents and non-mass shooting homicide incidents alone. A 1–standard deviation (SD) increase in institutional social capital was linked to a 19% reduction in the homicide rate (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.81, 95% CI 0.73–0.91, p < 0.001) and a 17% decrease in the number of firearm homicide incidents (IRR = 0.83, 95% CI 0.73–0.95, p = 0.01). Upward social mobility was related to a 25% reduction in the gun homicide rate (IRR = 0.75, 95% CI 0.66–0.86, p < 0.001) and a 24% decrease in the number of homicide incidents (IRR = 0.76, 95% CI 0.67–0.87, p < 0.001). Meanwhile, 1-SD increases in the neighborhood percentages of residents in poverty and males living alone were associated with 26%–27% and 12% higher homicide rates, respectively. Study limitations include possible residual confounding by factors at the individual/household level, and lack of disaggregation of gun homicide data by gender an...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social determinants of health in relation to firearm-related homicides in the United States: A nationwide multilevel cross-sectional study

Kim

2019

PLoS Med

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“…These differences in hate crime type suggest that there may be racially distinct social conditions disproportionately predisposing some trans women to certain types of transphobic violence. For example, research examining state-level rearm data in the U.S. over a 25-year span found that racial residential segregation was positively associated with Black rearm homicides (44). Future trans-led ethnographic and mixed-methods studies are needed to better understand the contexts in which transphobic hate crimes are experienced and the diverse factors that shape risk for different types of hate crimes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experiences and factors associated with transphobic hate crimes among transgender women in the San Francisco Bay Area: comparisons across race

Gyamerah

Baguso

Santiago-Rodríguez

et al. 2021

Preprint

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BackgroundTrans women experience high rates of gender-based violence (GBV). Little is understood about factors that shape transphobic hate crimes (a form of GBV) and racial/ethnic variation in these experiences. To contextualize GBV risk and police reporting, we examined self-reported types and correlates of transphobic hate crimes by racial/ethnic group of trans women in the San Francisco Bay Area.MethodsFrom 2016-2018, trans women participated in an HIV epidemiological study. Data analyses (N=629) examined self-reported experiences of transphobic hate crimes by race/ethnicity, and whether hate crimes were reported to the police. Chi-square tests and simple logistic regression examined sociocultural and gender identity factors associated with transphobic violence experiences and police reporting. ResultsAbout 45.8% of participants reported ever experiencing transphobic hate crime; only 48.9% of these were reported to the police. Black (47.9%) and Latina (49.0%) trans women reported a higher prevalence of battery with a weapon; White (26.7%) and trans women of “other” race/ethnicities (25.0%) reported a higher prevalence of sexual assault (p=0.001). Having one’s gender questioned, history of sex work, homelessness as a child and adult, and a history incarceration were associated with higher odds of experiencing transphobic hate crime. Trans women who felt their gender identity questioned had lower odds of reporting a hate crime to the police compared to those did not feel questioned. ConclusionsA high proportion of trans women experienced transphobic hate crime, with significant socio-structural risk factors and racial differences by crime type. However, crimes were underreported to the police. Interventions that address structural factors can yield violence prevention benefits.

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“…Low social cohesion has even been found to exacerbate the relationship between violence exposure and adverse mental health outcomes (Kingsbury et al 2020;Newbury et al 2018). Additionally, neighborhoods with a greater prevalence of gun violence tend to be more socioeconomically disadvantaged, racially segregated, and have lower access to healthcare resources (Kane 2011;Knopov et al 2019;Williams and Collins 2001;Wong et al 2020). As such, local violence can have direct and indirect impacts on community members' mental health and may exacerbate socioeconomic and racial disparities in health and wellbeing.…”

Section: Community Violence and Wellbeingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, we included state fixed effects, the logged violent crime rate in the county, and the percentage of individuals in the respondents' neighborhood (Census tract) who were below poverty level. These contextual variables helped address prior findings that structural disadvantage in one's neighborhood is associated with individuals' risks of depression and exposure to violence (Dawson et al 2019;Knopov et al 2019;Wong et al 2020). Finally, we included a control variable representing the length between survey years to account for the shorter temporal distance between earlier survey waves and the longer distance between later survey waves.…”

Section: Covariatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gun Violence Exposure and Experiences of Depression Among Mothers

2021

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Gun violence is a uniquely prevalent issue in the USA that disproportionately affects disadvantaged families already at risk of health disparities. Despite the traumatic nature of witnessing gun violence, we have little knowledge of whether exposure to local gun violence is associated with higher risks of depression among mothers, whose symptoms of depression are likely to have spillover effects for kin. We examined the association between exposure to gun violence in mothers' neighborhoods and their experiences of depression using longitudinal Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study data (n = 4587) in tandem with lagged outcome and fixed effect models. We find that mothers who witness at least one shooting in their neighborhoods or local communities exhibit more symptoms of depression and are 32-60% more likely to meet criteria for depression than mothers who do not witness a shooting. We also find that witnessing a shooting is associated with increases in parental aggravation, which is partially mediated by maternal depression. Given this and other previously documented spillover effects of mothers' mental health on children and family members, these findings have important implications for mothers' wellbeing and their kin. Further, we observe substantial racial and socioeconomic disparities in exposure to gun violence, suggesting that gun violence may heighten health disparities and drawing attention to the importance of providing mental health resources in communities that are most affected by gun violence.

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The Role of Racial Residential Segregation in Black-White Disparities in Firearm Homicide at the State Level in the United States, 1991-2015

Cited by 37 publications

References 30 publications

Social determinants of health in relation to firearm-related homicides in the United States: A nationwide multilevel cross-sectional study

Social determinants of health in relation to firearm-related homicides in the United States: A nationwide multilevel cross-sectional study

Experiences and factors associated with transphobic hate crimes among transgender women in the San Francisco Bay Area: comparisons across race

Gun Violence Exposure and Experiences of Depression Among Mothers

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