The Role of Pulmonary Intravascular Macrophages in the Pathogenesis of African Horse Sickness

Carrasco, L.; Sánchez, Carmen; Laviada, M. D.; Bautista, M.J.; Martı́nez-Torrecuadrada, Jorge L.; Sánchez-Vizcaíno, José Manuel; Sierra, M. A.

doi:10.1053/jcpa.1998.0293

Cited by 22 publications

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“…10 Microvascular endothelial cells and monocyte-macrophages were demonstrated to be the most commonly targeted cells, with other cell types labeling positive less frequently. This largely confirms previous findings in experimentally infected horses using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), 12,20,25 ISH, 10 and IHC. 51,52 In horses with AHS, increased numbers of mononuclear leukocytes have been observed in and around blood vessels in histological and ultrastructural sections of lung and heart in particular, 12,25,27,28,36,43 but the types of monocyte-macrophages targeted by AHSV have not always been determined.…”

Section: 5152supporting

confidence: 90%

“…12,20,41 In the present study, none of these cells were apparently targeted by AHSV in the tissues examined. In support of these findings, AHS viral nucleic acid and antigens have not been reported in fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, or pericytes with ISH and IHC.…”

Section: 5152contrasting

confidence: 48%

“…Previous studies indicate heart, lung, and spleen as major target organs of AHSV. 10,12,20,25,28,51,52 A number of studies have indicated that the principal target cells are microvascular endothelial cells in the heart and lung and, to a lesser extent, other organs, as well as monocyte-macrophages in circulation and the interstitium. 10, 51,52 To standardize and validate an immunohistochemical assay as a diagnostic test for AHS, 128 positive spontaneous fatal cases of AHS were examined and compared to 119 negative cases.…”

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Tissue and Cell Tropism of African Horse Sickness Virus Demonstrated by Immunoperoxidase Labeling in Natural and Experimental Infection in Horses in South Africa

Clift

Penrith

2010

Vet Pathol

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Tissues from 196 experimental and confirmed natural cases of African horse sickness (all 9 serotypes) were examined with a standardized and validated immunohistochemical assay for detection of the causative virus. The study confirmed that heart and lung are the main target tissues for African horse sickness virus (across all serotypes), followed closely by spleen. It also indicated that microvascular endothelial cells and monocyte-macrophages are the main target cells for virus replication. The importance of monocytes as target cells was emphasized, with relatively few tissue macrophages containing antigen in the lung and spleen, respectively. The results were largely in agreement with those of previous studies, but the large number of cases examined permitted more precise description of the location and distribution of antigen in different tissues. Comparison with descriptions of tissue and cell tropism of other orbiviruses indicated similarity with African horse sickness. Immunohistochemistry was shown to be a useful and consistent technique for demonstrating target cells, but the difficulty of identifying cell types-in particular, different types of monocyte-macrophages-is a limitation.

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confidence: 90%

Section: 5152contrasting

confidence: 48%

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Tissue and Cell Tropism of African Horse Sickness Virus Demonstrated by Immunoperoxidase Labeling in Natural and Experimental Infection in Horses in South Africa

Clift

Penrith

2010

Vet Pathol

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“…Halothane per se has a strong inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation in in vitro as well as in vivo experiments (Kohro and Yamakage, 1996). Platelet aggregates and fibrinous microthrombi have been related to a high degree of PIM activation in experimentally induced pneumonia by intravenous inoculation of African horse sickness (ASH) virus (Carrasco et al, 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo interaction of pulmonary intravascular macrophages with activated platelets in microvessels of equine lung after multiple exposures to halothane, isoflurane, and thiamylal: A comparative ultrastructural and cytochemical study

Atwal

McDonell

2005

Anat. Rec.

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The pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIMs) of equines contain a unique electron-dense surface coat that is predominantly composed of lipoproteins. A single exposure of inhalatory halothane causes mobilization of the surface coat into the endocytotic system of the PIMs, followed by expansion of the Golgi apparatus and its enrichment with acid phosphatase. Simultaneously, the cells of the lymphocytic series show hyperplasia in the form of mitotic changes inside the microvascular compartment of the lung. Halothane is known to cause acute and chronic hepatotoxicity because of its biotransformation into trifluoroacytelated polypeptides. The present study was designed to examine the comparative effects of reexposures of inhalatory doses of halothane, isoflurane, and the intravenous barbiturate thiamylal sodium in ponies to evoke a stronger response in the PIMs after four exposures at increasing intervals of 1, 2, and 6 weeks. Ultrastructural and cytochemical evidence is presented that halothane induced translocation of the surface coat into the vacuolar system of the PIMs, followed by expansion of the Golgi apparatus and its enrichment with acid phosphatase. The cell membrane was thrown into extraordinary lamellipodial extensions, which enabled the PIMs to interact with platelets within the narrow confines of the pulmonary capillaries. The relationship between PIMs and platelets developed into large platelet aggregates. Isoflurane and thiamylal sodium did not affect the circulating platelets, although the surface coat was translocated into the endolysosomes in both situations. Although isoflurane is a lipid-soluble inhalant anesthetic similar to halothane, it is subject to very little biotransformation after use and in the present model demonstrates no immune response.

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“…The PIVMs have been implicated in the vascular inflammation that results in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung inflammation and endotoxemia in the horse (Aharonson-Raz and Singh, 2010), rat (Gill et al, 2008), and sheep (Warner et al, , 1987 and with the oedema that occurs in the horse after infection with the African horse sickness virus (Carrasco et al, 1999). While in the newborn pig clearance of blood-borne bacteria (as well as carbon) is only ~10% of the injected dose (Mouton et al, 1963), in pigs of 15 to 20 kg body mass (~20-month old), 75% of intravenously infused bacteria (depending on species of bacteria) are cleared in the lungs (Wismar et al, 1984;Dehring et al, 1983).…”

Section: Pulmonary Intravascular Macrophages (Pivms)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular Defences of the Lung: Comparative Perspectives

Maina¹

2012

Respiratory Diseases

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'Our lungs are highly complex organs that are exquisitely specialized for gas exchange and host defense.' Rawlins (2010) 1. Introduction General considerationsThe most important function of the lung is to acquire molecular oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide. Except probably for the gastrointestinal system, no other organ in the body interacts with the external environment as constantly and as intimately as the respiratory system. For example, during a 24 hour period, at rest, the human lung is ventilated ~25,000 times with ~20,000 L of air (e.g. Burri, 1985; Brain, 1996), it has a respiratory surface area (RSA) of ~140 m 2 (about the size of a tennis court) which is located in the acini that lie no more than 40 to 50 cm from the external environment (air) (e.g. Weibel, 1984), and the thickness of the blood-gas (tissue) barrier (BGB) (harmonic mean thickness, ht) is 0.62 μm, a value about one-fiftieth of the thickness of a foolscap paper or that of a human head hair (Gehr et al., 1978(Gehr et al., , 1990a. By weight, each day, more than 20 kg of air enters and leaves the human body, a load that far exceeds that of food and water ingested during the same time period (Brain, 1996). Depending on the level of air pollution, different types and quantities of foreign particulates and microbial pathogens are inhaled. While large RSA and thin BGB increase gas exchange, the concomitant downside to these structural properties is that they make the lung a leading portal of entry and therefore attack by pathogenic micro-organisms, damage by allergens and particulates, and injury by noxious gases (e.g. Brain, , 1992Lambrecht et al. 2001;Garn et al., 2006). The inhaled particulates are deposited on the epithelial lining of the conducting airways and that of the peripheral air spaces where they are retained for various durations before they are removed or destroyed (e.g. Geiser et al., 1988; Gehr et al., 1990 a, b). Brain (1996) observed that 'the lung is unique in that the marriage between environment and lung disease is profound. The respiratory system threfore forms a huge challenge to the body's immune integrity (e.g. von Garnier and Nicod, 2009 , 1993;Schwartz, 1994;Brunekreef et al., 1995;Ware, 2000;Pope, 2000;Nemmar et al., 2002;Pope et al., 2002;Suwa et al., 2002;Schulz et al., 2005;Kaufman, 2010;Brook et al., 2010; van den Hooven et al., 2011;Kampfrath et al., 2011 gc.ca/ccdpc-cpcmc/crdmrc/facts_gen_e.html). According to the Canadian Lung Association (CLA), the economic burden of respiratory disease in the Country is ~3 billion ($US) dollars (http://www.bukisa.com/articles/455926_lung-health-occupational-healthincidence#ixzz1I4jwMvBX). Based on net changes in gross domestic product (GDP) growth forecasts, the estimated annual cost of SARS (Sudden Avian Respiratory Syndrome) in Asia exceeds 10 billion dollars ($US) (Lee and McKibbin, 2003;Fan, 2003;McKibbin and Sidorenko, 2006) and according to the World Bank's estimates, an influenza pandemic may result in a loss (expenditure) of 800 billion dollars ($US) (Brahm...

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The Role of Pulmonary Intravascular Macrophages in the Pathogenesis of African Horse Sickness

Cited by 22 publications

References 0 publications

Tissue and Cell Tropism of African Horse Sickness Virus Demonstrated by Immunoperoxidase Labeling in Natural and Experimental Infection in Horses in South Africa

Tissue and Cell Tropism of African Horse Sickness Virus Demonstrated by Immunoperoxidase Labeling in Natural and Experimental Infection in Horses in South Africa

In vivo interaction of pulmonary intravascular macrophages with activated platelets in microvessels of equine lung after multiple exposures to halothane, isoflurane, and thiamylal: A comparative ultrastructural and cytochemical study

Cellular Defences of the Lung: Comparative Perspectives

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