The role of protease activation of inflammation in allergic respiratory diseases

The contribution of PARs to inflammation and immunity to fungi

“…17 Second, fungal proteases, in common with PAR agonists (PAR-APs), initiate inflammatory responses. 18,19 Third, fungi are able to interact with cells and pathways of the coagulation cascade, as evidenced by the stimulation of tissue factor activity by Aspergillus conidia and the massive intravascular thrombosis at foci of Aspergillus infection. 20 However, the involvement of PARs in fungal infections has not been directly examined.…”

A synonymous variation in protease-activated receptor-2 is associated with atopy in Korean children

“…11 Recent evidence suggests that the activation of PARs plays an important role in the inflammatory response and immunological reactions. 12,13 PARs are widely expressed in immune and inflammatory cells. Allergen-derived exogenous proteases as well as endogenous proteases can react with cell surface PARs, which can then modulate the secretion of inflammatory mediators and further amplify the response.…”

Biological and chemical hazards in water-mix metalworking fluids and mists

“…'Agostino et al, 2007). PAR's are thought to have a major role in airway inflammation (Reed and Kita, 2004). In particular, the PAR-2 receptor, which is expressed at higher levels in the airways of asthmatics, has been shown to have major effects on lung function (Knight et al, 2001;D'Agostino et al, 2007).…”

“…This eventually leads to the receptors being permanently switched on (D 'Agostino et al, 2007). This can cause amplification of IgE production to the allergens, de-granulation of eosinophils and increased inflammatory processes (Reed and Kita, 2004).…”

“…Thus, there is a knowledge gap about the effects of other types of microbial enzyme and the aetiology of allergic response to them (Matsumura, 2012;Basketter et al, 2012). However, some serine proteases from a variety of origins e.g., cockroach, fungi and pollen have been shown to demonstrate allergenic activity (Matsumura, 2012;Reed et al, 2004). It is also understood that in some therapeutic applications microbial enzymes have their uses.…”