The role of progranulin in arthritis

Abstract

Progranulin (PGRN) is a growth factor with a unique beads-on-a-string structure that is involved in multiple pathophysiological processes, including anti-inflammation, tissue repair, wound healing, neurodegenerative diseases, and tumorigenesis. This review presents up-to-date information concerning recent studies on the role of PGRN in inflammatory arthritis and osteoarthritis, with a special focus on the involvement of the interactions and interplay between PGRN and tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family members in regulating such musculoskeletal diseases. In addition, this paper highlights the applications of atsttrin, an engineered protein comprising three TNFR-binding fragments of PGRN, as a promising intervention in treating arthritis.

Role of ADAMTS‐12 in Protecting Against Inflammatory Arthritis in Mice By Interacting With and Inactivating Proinflammatory Connective Tissue Growth Factor

“…OA is considered to be a degenerative disease characterized by cartilage destruction, subchondral bone sclerosis, synovium inflammation, and osteophyte formation (37). Even though it is well-accepted that cartilage, plasma and synovial fluid CTGF concentrations positively correlate with radiographic severity in osteoarthritis patients (38), studies that have indicated a role of CTGF in osteoarthritis are controversial.…”

“…CTGF is a well-studied protein in arthritis; however, its roles in osteoarthritis (OA) and inflammatory arthritis differ. OA is considered to be a degenerative disease characterized by cartilage destruction, subchondral bone sclerosis, synovial inflammation, and osteophyte formation (37). Even though it is well accepted that cartilage, plasma, and synovial fluid CTGF concentrations positively correlate with radiographic severity in OA (38), studies have yielded conflicting results regarding its role in this disease.…”

Evaluating the geometric measure of multiparticle entanglement

“…Second, one needs to quantify entangle-ment in order to go beyond the simple entangled vs. separable scheme [2]. A popular way to quantify multiparticle entanglement makes use of the geometric measure of entanglement [3]. For that, one defines for pure states via…”

“…This is a typical method to extend a pure state entanglement measure to the mixed state case, but obviously this minimization is difficult to perform. So far, only in some special cases the evaluation of the geometric measure for mixed states is possible [3,8,9]. Analytical results on the evaluation of the convex roof for other measures have to date mainly be obtained for the bipartite measure of the concurrence and measures with a related mathematical structure [10].…”

Folding of granulin domains

“…The precursor protein is proteolytically processed by elastase into individual granulin modules, which each have masses in the 6 kDa range, after secretion from the cell . PGRN has similar activities to granulin including roles in cellular proliferation, controlling embryogenesis, tissue repair, cancer, and inflammation …”