The Role of Progesterone Receptors in Breast Cancer

Li, Zhuo; Wei, Hongrui; Li, Siyan; Wu, Pei; Mao, Xiaoyun

doi:10.2147/dddt.s336643

Cited by 77 publications

(69 citation statements)

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“…CD8 + lymphocytes are cytotoxic cells that engage in tumor killing by inducing cytolysis [ 40 ], which explains their positive effect on prognosis, a finding well in line with previous studies [ 41 – 45 ]. PR negativity associates with a worse prognosis in ER + breast cancer, and with resistance to endocrine treatment [ 46 , 47 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clever-1 positive macrophages in breast cancer

Mutka

Virtakoivu

Joensuu

et al. 2022

Breast Cancer Res Treat

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Purpose Common Lymphatic Endothelial and Vascular Endothelial Receptor 1 (Clever-1) is expressed by a subset of immunosuppressive macrophages and targeting the receptor with therapeutic antibodies has been shown to activate T-cell-mediated anti-cancer immunity. The aim of this research was to study Clever-1 expression in breast cancer. Specifically, how Clever-1 + macrophages correlate with clinicopathologic factors, Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) and prognosis. Methods Tissue microarray blocks were made from 373 primary breast cancer operation specimens. Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E-staining) and immunohistochemical staining with Clever-1, CD3, CD4 and CD8 antibodies were performed. Differences in quantities of Clever-1 + macrophages and TILs were analyzed. Clever-1 + cell numbers were correlated with 25-year follow-up survival data and with breast cancer clinicopathologic parameters. Results Low numbers of intratumoral Clever-1 + cells were found to be an independent adverse prognostic sign. Increased numbers of Clever-1 + cells were found in high grade tumors and hormone receptor negative tumors. Tumors that had higher amounts of Clever-1 + cells also tended to have higher amounts of TILs. Conclusion The association of intratumoral Clever-1 + macrophages with better prognosis might stem from the function of Clever as a scavenger receptor that modulates tumor stroma. The association of Clever-1 + macrophages with high number of TILs and better prognosis indicates that immunosuppression by M2 macrophages is not necessarily dampening adaptive immune responses but instead keeping them in control to avoid excess inflammation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clever-1 positive macrophages in breast cancer

Mutka

Virtakoivu

Joensuu

et al. 2022

Breast Cancer Res Treat

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“…PgR levels in breast tumors and AR in prostate tumors also provide important prognostic information for the detection and treatment of hormone-responsive neoplasms. In the case of breast cancer, positive PgR levels have shown to be more predictive of tumor response to hormonal therapy than ER levels [ 49 , 59 ]. This suggests that a progestin-based agent for breast tumor imaging might be preferable for patients on hormonal therapy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell Uptake of Steroid-BODIPY Conjugates and Their Internalization Mechanisms: Cancer Theranostic Dyes

Amendoeira

Luz

Valente

et al. 2023

IJMS

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Estradiol-BODIPY linked via an 8-carbon spacer chain and 19-nortestosterone- and testosterone-BODIPY linked via an ethynyl spacer group were evaluated for cell uptake in the breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 and prostate cancer cell lines PC-3 and LNCaP, as well as in normal dermal fibroblasts, using fluorescence microscopy. The highest level of internalization was observed with 11β-OMe-estradiol-BODIPY 2 and 7α-Me-19-nortestosterone-BODIPY 4 towards cells expressing their specific receptors. Blocking experiments showed changes in non-specific cell uptake in the cancer and normal cells, which likely reflect differences in the lipophilicity of the conjugates. The internalization of the conjugates was shown to be an energy-dependent process that is likely mediated by clathrin- and caveolae-endocytosis. Studies using 2D co-cultures of cancer cells and normal fibroblasts showed that the conjugates are more selective towards cancer cells. Cell viability assays showed that the conjugates are non-toxic for cancer and/or normal cells. Visible light irradiation of cells incubated with estradiol-BODIPYs 1 and 2 and 7α-Me-19-nortestosterone-BODIPY 4 induced cell death, suggesting their potential for use as PDT agents.

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“…The main treatment strategy of Bca is surgery, along with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, endocrine therapy, targeted therapy, as well as immunotherapy [2] , [3] , [4] . Nearly 80% of Bca patients were divided as ER + due to ERα positive expressions, and these patients have a 5-year overall survival (OS) rate of nearly 90% [ 5 , 6 ]. Given that ERα is the essential oncogenic driver of ER + tumors, the endocrine-based therapeutic strategies like ERα-blockade, estrogen synthesis inhibition, and selective ERα degradation, were largely explored and highlighted [ 7 , 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%