“…Port authorities, who are responsible for managing the landside and seaside of ports, can play important roles in facilitating environmental upgrading (Chang and Wang, 2012;Giuliano and Linder, 2013, Merk, 2014, Gibbs et al, 2014, Davarzani et al, 2015, Erdas et al 2015, Wang and Notteboom, 2015, Styhre et al, 2017 through four key functions they perform: (1) as landlords (providing land and basic infrastructure); (2) as regulators (setting tariffs, environmental standards for tenants and other port users, and engaging in spatial planning); (3) as operators (having their own fleets of harbor craft and equipment to provide safe fairways and basic infrastructure); and 4as community managers (bringing together a variety of port stakeholders to improve collaboration and port performance) (Verhoeven, 2010, Acciaro et al, 2014a. An array of organizational and technological tools available to port authorities has already been identified, including pricing and incentives, monitoring and measuring, market access control, environmental standards regulation, alternative energy supply and demand, and a range of emission reducing technology (Solomon and Bailey, 2004, Lam and Notteboom, 2014, Gibbs et al, 2014, Acciaro et al, 2014b.…”