The Role of Polyphenols in Modulating PON1 Activity Regarding Endothelial Dysfunction and Atherosclerosis

Abstract

The incidence and prevalence of cardiovascular diseases are still rising. The principal mechanism that drives them is atherosclerosis, an affection given by dyslipidemia and a pro-inflammatory state. Paraoxonase enzymes have a protective role due to their ability to contribute to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways, especially paraoxonase 1 (PON1). PON1 binds with HDL (high-density lipoprotein), and high serum levels lead to a protective state against dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, stroke, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and many others. Modulating PON1 expression might be a treatment objective with significant results in limiting the prevalence of atherosclerosis. Lifestyle including diet and exercise can raise its levels, and some beneficial plants have been found to influence PON1 levels; therefore, more studies on herbal components are needed. Our purpose is to highlight the principal roles of Praoxonase 1, its implications in dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and other diseases, and to emphasize plants that can modulate PON1 expression, targeting the potential of some flavonoids that could be introduced as supplements in our diet and to validate the hypothesis that flavonoids have any effects regarding PON1 function.

Harnessing the Power of Polyphenols: A New Frontier in Disease Prevention and Therapy

“…The manipulation of PON1 expression could be a viable therapeutic target, with lifestyle modifications like dietary adjustments and physical activity potentially augmenting its levels. Nevertheless, additional investigations are imperative to scrutinize the effects of herbal constituents and flavonoids on the functionality of PON1 [ 169 ]. The formation of ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) can accelerate the oxidation of LDL cholesterol.…”

“…Moreover, the aggregation of the extracellular matrix encircling the inflamed area results in plaque development, which hinders blood vessel passages. Consequently, this leads to a compromised natural relaxation ability of the blood vessels, culminating in functional impairment [ 162 , 169 , 170 ]. The plausible effects of polyphenols on atherosclerosis have been the area of several research inquiries.…”