“…Many studies have shown the impairment of androgen and ovulation pathways in women with PCOS, resulting in hyperandrogenism and ovulatory dysfunction. Among these biochemical pathways are genes associated with PCOS, including insulin secretion (e.g., INSR , IRS -1, INS ), chronic inflammation (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6), coagulation cascade and complement (e.g., VWF ), signalling (e.g., AMH , LHCGR , INS , ADIPOQ ), cancer (e.g., MMP , AR1 , INS ), and steroidogenesis (e.g., CYP11A1 , CYP17A1 , CYP19A1 ) pathways [ 33 , 34 ].…”