The role of political hate speech in promoting extreme ideologies and manipulating public discourse for social approval in Pakistan
Muhammad Shaban Rafi,
Zunaira Shafiq
Abstract:The proliferation of politically motivated hate speech towards rival politicians has been rapidly increasing in Pakistan. However, the literature on political hate speech and its association with extreme ideologies is under‐theorized in the Pakistani context. We have utilized van Dijk's manipulative discourse and Walther's social approval theory to structure political hate speech and its consequences. The data was based on two Pakistani mainstream politicians’ public speeches and partisans’ comments available … Show more
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