“…This limits our understanding of how the wider processes of innovation policy formulation are subject to dynamics of actor interactions, negotiations and subsequent policymaking processes (Haddad et al, 2022;Kern & Rogge, 2018;Parks, 2022;Salas Gironés et al, 2020;Wanzenböck et al, 2020). Instead, more attention in the innovation policy literature has been paid to policy instruments related to directionality (Borrás & Schwaag Serger, 2022;Edler & Boon, 2018;te Kulve et al, 2018), the governance of directionality (Borrás & Schwaag Serger, 2022;Lindner et al, 2016;Pel et al, 2020;Salas Gironés et al, 2020), the outcomes of directionality (Andersson et al, 2021), and how directionality is brought into policy practice (Bergek et al, 2023;Parks, 2022). This article builds on these existing insights on directionality, by paying explicit attention to its political nature and dimensions, and integrating relevant insights from policy process literature.…”