The role of perceived social support in loneliness and self-esteem among children affected by HIV/AIDS

Qiao, Shan; Li, Xiaoming; Zhao, Guoxiang; Zhao, Junfeng; Stanton, Bonita

doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000000338

Cited by 18 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The scale also contained 10 (8 in the original scale) additional filler items that are not included in the scoring. The high reliability obtained in our sample (α = .78) matches the strong reliability found in other non-clinical samples (Parkhurst and Asher, 1992), including Chinese children (Chen et al, 2004; Li et al, 2009; Du et al, 2014; Qiao et al, 2014). …”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 85%

The impact of daily and trait loneliness on diurnal cortisol and sleep among children affected by parental HIV/AIDS

Zilioli

Slatcher

Chi

et al. 2017

Psychoneuroendocrinology

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Dysregulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis and disruptions of restorative processes (e.g., sleep) have been implicated as two key mechanisms through which loneliness leads to medical morbidity in adults and late adolescents. Whether loneliness acts through these biological and behavioral intermediaries in children as well remains unexplored. In a sample of 645 children aged 8 to 15 affected by parental HIV/AIDS in rural China, trait and state (i.e., daily) loneliness were measured in a 3-day diary study, wherein participants also provided cortisol samples and sleep measures. Whereas high levels of trait loneliness were found to predict lower morning cortisol levels, longer time in bed, lower sleep quality, and a higher number of night awakenings, daily loneliness was associated with a flatter diurnal cortisol slope and shorter time in bed. Although the association between trait loneliness and daily loneliness with HPA activity remained significant after controlling for psychological constructs that overlap with loneliness (e.g., depression and daily negative affect), some of the associations between loneliness and sleep measures became non-significant after including these additional covariates. These findings provide the first empirical evidence to our knowledge of associations between trait and state loneliness and health-related outcomes among school-aged children and young adolescents.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 85%

The impact of daily and trait loneliness on diurnal cortisol and sleep among children affected by parental HIV/AIDS

Zilioli

Slatcher

Chi

et al. 2017

Psychoneuroendocrinology

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“…The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in PHIV children from the United States ranges from 55 to 61% [ 15 ] and PHIV were four times more likely to develop psychiatric disorders relative to unexposed controls who were US children [ 16 , 17 ]. A study of early versus delayed HAART in children with HIV from five low-income countries found that high levels of psychosocial distress, not HAART, predicted poor cognitive outcomes in older PHIV children [ 18 ] and suggests the importance of understanding psychosocial adjustment (PA) in HIV-affected children.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychosocial adjustment in perinatally human immunodeficiency virus infected or exposed children – a Retrospective Cohort Study

Zalwango

Kizza

Nkwata

et al. 2016

Journal of the International AIDS Society

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ObjectiveTo determine whether perinatal HIV infection and exposure adversely affected psychosocial adjustment (PA) between 6 and 18 years of life (i.e. during school-age and adolescence).MethodsWe enrolled 58 perinatally HIV-infected, 56 HIV-exposed uninfected and 54 unexposed controls from Kampala, Uganda. Perinatal HIV status was determined by 18 months of age using a DNA-polymerase chain-reaction test and was confirmed via HIV rapid diagnostic test at psychosocial testing when the children were 6 to 18 years old. Five indicators of PA (depressive symptoms, distress, hopelessness, positive future orientation and esteem) were measured using validated, culturally adapted and translated instruments. Multivariable linear regression analyses estimated HIV-status-related percent differences (β) in PA indicators and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs).ResultsDuring school-age and adolescence, positive outlook (β=−3.8, 95% CI: −7.2, −0.1) and self-esteem (β=−4.3, 95% CI: −6.7, −1.8) scores were significantly lower, whereas depressive (β=11.4, 95% CI: 3.3, 19.5) and distress (β=12.3, 95% CI: 5.9, 18.7) symptoms were elevated for perinatally HIV-infected, compared to unexposed controls and exposed uninfected children. Similarly, positive outlook (β=−4.3, 95% CI: −7.3, −1.2) and self-esteem were lower for exposed controls versus HIV-unexposed children. Hopelessness was similar by perinatal HIV status. Likewise, the distress and depressive symptom levels were comparable for HIV-exposed uninfected and HIV-unexposed children.ConclusionsPerinatal HIV infection predicted higher distress and depressive symptoms, while HIV-affected status (infection/exposure) predicted low self-esteem and diminished positive outlook in the long term. However, HIV-affected status had no impact on hopelessness, suggesting that psychosocial interventions as an integral component of HIV care for infected children or primary care exposed uninfected children may improve PA and quality of life in these vulnerable groups.

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“…Competent social skills and positive interpersonal relationships are thus important for all children but may be particularly salient protective factors for vulnerable youth. Previous studies have identified associations between perceived social support and psychological wellbeing for children affected by parental HIV in China using cross-sectional and longitudinal designs ( Hong et al, 2010 ; Mo et al, 2014 ; Qiao et al, 2014 ). The current study expands this work by moving from the broad domain of perceived social support (e.g., from family, friends, teachers, and significant others) to the narrower construct of peer social functioning, with findings indicating that peer social skills are negatively associated with internalizing symptoms, as well as past exposure to trauma.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Adverse Childhood Events on the Psychosocial Functioning of Children Affected by Parental HIV in Rural China

et al. 2021

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Introduction: Children affected by parental HIV are more likely than unaffected peers to experience trauma and are at-risk for negative psychological and social outcomes. This study aimed to examine the relationship between adverse childhood events and psychosocial functioning among children affected by parental HIV.Methods: A total of 790 children ages 6–17 from Henan, China were enrolled in a longitudinal, randomized controlled trial of a resilience-based psychosocial intervention. At baseline, children reported on numerous psychosocial factors, including trauma exposure, symptoms of anxiety and depression, and peer social functioning. We used linear regression analysis to test the direct effect of trauma exposure on peer social functioning. We then tested whether depression and anxiety symptoms served as two potential parallel mediators in the association between trauma exposure and peer social functioning.Results: Trauma exposure was significantly associated with poor peer social functioning (β = −0.10, p = 0.005) when controlling for key covariates. When depression and anxiety symptoms were added to the model, the association between trauma exposure and peer social functioning became nonsignificant. Instead, there were significant indirect effects from trauma exposure to peer social functioning via depression (β = −0.06, 95%CI[−0.09, −0.03]) and anxiety (β = −0.02, 95%CI[−0.04, −0.00]).Conclusion: This study is among the first to link trauma exposure to peer social functioning deficits for children affected by parental HIV and demonstrates that symptoms of anxiety and depression mediate this relationship. Findings underscore the need for comprehensive psychosocial support for children affected by HIV, including screening for trauma exposure and mental health disorders.

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The role of perceived social support in loneliness and self-esteem among children affected by HIV/AIDS

Cited by 18 publications

References 32 publications

The impact of daily and trait loneliness on diurnal cortisol and sleep among children affected by parental HIV/AIDS

The impact of daily and trait loneliness on diurnal cortisol and sleep among children affected by parental HIV/AIDS

Psychosocial adjustment in perinatally human immunodeficiency virus infected or exposed children – a Retrospective Cohort Study

Impact of Adverse Childhood Events on the Psychosocial Functioning of Children Affected by Parental HIV in Rural China

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