The role of pathogens in diabetes pathogenesis and the potential of immunoproteomics as a diagnostic and prognostic tool

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases marked by hyperglycemia, which increases the risk of systemic infections. DM patients are at greater risk of hospitalization and mortality from bacterial, viral, and fungal infections. Poor glycemic control can result in skin, blood, bone, urinary, gastrointestinal, and respiratory tract infections and recurrent infections. Therefore, the evidence that infections play a critical role in DM progression and the hazard ratio for a person with DM dying from any infection is higher. Early diagnosis and better glycemic control can help prevent infections and improve treatment outcomes. Perhaps, half (49.7%) of the people living with DM are undiagnosed, resulting in a higher frequency of infections induced by the hyperglycemic milieu that favors immune dysfunction. Novel diagnostic and therapeutic markers for glycemic control and infection prevention are desirable. High-throughput blood-based immunoassays that screen infections and hyperglycemia are required to guide timely interventions and efficiently monitor treatment responses. The present review aims to collect information on the most common infections associated with DM, their origin, pathogenesis, and the potential of immunoproteomics assays in the early diagnosis of the infections. While infections are common in DM, their role in glycemic control and disease pathogenesis is poorly described. Nevertheless, more research is required to identify novel diagnostic and prognostic markers to understand DM pathogenesis and management of infections. Precise monitoring of diabetic infections by immunoproteomics may provide novel insights into disease pathogenesis and healthy prognosis.

An autopsy case of infective aortic aneurysm with Pasteurella multocida infection: clinicopathological appearance and a review of literatures

“…Immune dysfunction seen in liver cirrhosis progression may significantly affect the susceptibility of the host and may increase the risk of developing uncommon infection presentation, as the bacteremia found in the patient in this case report [ 16 ]. Furthermore, patients with diabetes mellitus have a 4.4-fold greater risk of blood stream infection and are more vulnerable to sepsis of uncertain cause than those without diabetes mellitus [ 17 ]. Alcohol consumption can promote organ inflammation, which has consequences on host immunity, and antigen presentation function is negatively affected in patients with chronic alcohol addiction, thereby reducing the host’s defense [ 18 ].…”

Pengelolaan Pada Pasien Dm Tipe 2 Dengan Luka Abses Di Labio Superior Sinistra : Laporan Kasus

“…Pada akhirnya, munculnya keluhan lapar, sakit kepala, mulut kering dan mudah merasa lelah/lemas. Pada penderita DM tipe 2 kekurangan cairan tubuh dapat disebabkan frekuensi buang air kecil meningkat, kerja ginjal menjadi lebih cepat sehingga penderita merasakan kelelahan/lemas (Sohail et al, 2022).…”