The Role of Particle Interactions in the Distribution of Electricity in Thunderstorms

Sartor, J. D.

doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1967)024<0601:tropii>2.0.co;2

Cited by 83 publications

(34 citation statements)

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“…The addition of charges and electric fields increases the probability of coalescence following collision to the point where small charges and small fields cause almost 100% coalescence. In the presence of electric fields, or when the drops are charged, observations by Gunn (1965aGunn ( , 1965b and Sartor (1967) show that by controlling their relative velocity, they can be made to coalesce, with subsequent disruption and thus production of raindrops. Further, Sartor (1967) showed that even a small percentage of cloud and precipitation drops bouncing or disrupting in an electric field can be significant in the problems of cloud electrification.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altitudinal and temporal evolution of raindrop size distribution observed over a tropical station using a K-band radar

Harikumar

Sampath

Kumar

2011

International Journal of Remote Sensing

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Rain drop size distribution (DSD) measurements at different heights were made using a micro rain radar (MRR) at Thiruvananthapuram (latitude: 8.3 • N, longitude: 76.9 • E). Rain DSD data obtained from the MRR have been compared with a Joss-Waldvogel impact-type disdrometer (RD-80) deployed nearby and found to have good agreement. The analysis uses data collected during 16 continuous rainfall episodes during the southwest monsoon (June to September, JJAS) season. Since all the episodes behaved similarly, a single continuous rainfall episode occurring from 1610:01 to 1612:31 hours Indian Standard Time (IST) on 12 August 2006 is presented here. The fall velocity of those drops that contributed most to the rain rate was more or less constant at different altitudes and also with time during this episode, and the average value was 4.65 m s −1 . The rain rate (RR) was below 5 mm h −1 for all the heights throughout the time. At the beginning of the rain episode, the number of drops at any given altitude was lower for larger drops. But towards the end of the episode, the number of drops in the smallest size class had reduced at almost all heights, whereas the number of drops in the larger size classes had increased. This suggests that the larger drops coming from above on colliding with smaller drops could coalesce, thus sweeping out the smaller drops as they fall. The reduction of small drops is seen with a corresponding increase in larger drops and without increase also during the course of a rainfall event. The former is an indication of coalescence while the latter is that of evaporation. All these observed phenomena in the natural rain support the observations made by Low and List in 1982.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altitudinal and temporal evolution of raindrop size distribution observed over a tropical station using a K-band radar

Harikumar

Sampath

Kumar

2011

International Journal of Remote Sensing

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“…Moreover, as shown in Fig. 1(c), the constant 1/2 in the first term (I) of equation (5) is due to lack of collisions involving smaller particles which are upstream of the larger particles (Sartor, 1967). Fig.…”

Section: Theoretical Approachmentioning

confidence: 87%

The Effect of Screening Charge Transport on Electrification and Precipitation Processes in Thunderclouds

Singh

Verma

Mathpal

et al. 1985

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

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Considering the growth of hydrometeors along with electrical state and interaction among all categories of particles in thunderclouds, the effect of screening charge transport on electric field, precipitation intensity, charge, size and fall velocity of hydrometeors, has been studied. The study reveals that screening charge transport increases the growth rates of electric fields and decreases the precipitation intensities. The calculations show that thunderclouds containing low precipitation intensities, can also generate high electric fields within appropriate time intervals.

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“…In water (spark discharge between colliding water drops in an electric field), it is of the order of 10 -9 S [Sartor, 1967].…”

Section: From Buser's [1976] Work It Should Be 10 -7 S or Less In Icementioning

confidence: 99%

Role of relaxation and contact times in charge separation during collision of precipitation particles with ice targets

Gross¹

1982

J. Geophys. Res.

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The relaxation time of charge transfer and the contact time are two of the parameters controlling charge separation when ice particles collide with one another or with liquid water droplets. For maximum efficiency of charge separation, the relaxation time should be of the same order as the contact time. The relaxation time of charge transport in ice was systematically determined as a function of impurity content and temperature. The contact time for ice/ice collisions was estimated from theory. Depending on the impurity species and their concentration, the relaxation time may be increased or decreased by orders of magnitude with respect to pure ice. Only particles of the order of 10−2 m radius seem to have contact times sufficiently long to give appreciable charge separation by ion transport in collisions between pure or slightly doped (0.1 ppm chloride) ice particles in a dry environment. Charge separation mechanisms involving liquid water and those operating by the transfer of electrons from surface states largely relax these conditions. These results have implications for cloud electrification models involving collision mechanisms.

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The Role of Particle Interactions in the Distribution of Electricity in Thunderstorms

Cited by 83 publications

References 0 publications

Altitudinal and temporal evolution of raindrop size distribution observed over a tropical station using a K-band radar

Altitudinal and temporal evolution of raindrop size distribution observed over a tropical station using a K-band radar

The Effect of Screening Charge Transport on Electrification and Precipitation Processes in Thunderclouds

Role of relaxation and contact times in charge separation during collision of precipitation particles with ice targets

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