The role of parental smoking on adolescent smoking and its social patterning: a cross-sectional survey in six European cities

Alves, Joana; Perelman, Julian; Rojas, Victoria Soto; Richter, Michael; Rimpelä, Arja; Loureiro, Isabel; Federico, Bruno; Kuipers, Mirte A G; Kunst, Anton E.; Lorant, Vincent

doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdw040

Cited by 33 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Furthermore, the fact that parental smoking status moderated biases toward smokers is broadly consistent with the finding that this status predicts risk factors for tobacco dependence itself (e.g., Alves et al, 2016;Distefan et al, 1998;Murray et al, 1985). Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

“…One possible explanation is that some non-smokers, especially adolescents, reside in families with smokers. Indeed, much previous research has indicated that parental smoking identity impacts the smoking behavior of their offspring (e.g., Alves et al, 2016;Andrews, Hops, & Duncan, 1997;Distefan, Gillpin, Choi, & Pierce, 1998;Wang, Hipp, Butts, Jose, & Lakon, 2016).…”

Section: Assessing the Impact Of Parental Smoking Status (Studies 1 Amentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Response Biases on the IRAP for Adults and Adolescents with Respect to Smokers and Nonsmokers: The Impact of Parental Smoking Status

et al. 2017

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The current research aimed to examine the implicit biases of smokers and non-smokers to others who did or did not smoke. Study 1 presented adult smokers and non-smokers with an Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) that assessed bias toward or against smokers and non-smokers. Study 2 replicated this with adolescent smokers and non-smokers. Both studies also presented self-report measures. Both adult and adolescent smokers produced IRAP effects that indicated pro-smoker biases; non-smokers' biases were relatively neutral. Trends in the data from Studies 1 and 2 led to a post hoc analysis of the non-smoker data to investigate the potential impact of parental smoking status on nonsmokers' biases. Both the IRAP and self-report measures data suggested that parental smoking status increased positivity in attitudes toward smokers among non-smokers. Hierarchical logistic regression analyses indicated that the IRAP data in Study 1, but not Study 2, predicted smoking status above and beyond the self-report measures. The post-hoc analyses showed a similar trend. The consistency of the findings with the only existing IRAP study of attitudes toward smokers, as well as with the broader literature, supports the view that response biases toward smokers may not change fundamentally from adolescence to adulthood, and that parental smoking status may having a moderating influence on these biases. KEYWORDS IRAP, Smokers Attitudes, Parental InfluenceAttitudes toward smokers have changed considerably in recent decades (Chapman & Freeman, 2008). The traditional positive characteristics of smokers as glamorous and independent have been replaced with malodorous and selfish stereotypes (Farrimond & Joffe, 2006). Goldstein (1991), for example, found that non-smokers favored non-smokers over smokers as measured by self-report.Indeed, the literature on attitudes toward smokers has relied extensively on questionnaires, which have been criticized for their potential sensitivity to extraneous sources of influence (e.g., self-presentation, see Barnes-Holmes et al., 2006;de Jong, 2002). In contrast, there are now numerous latency-based behavioral measures, assumed by some to reveal implicit attitudes. The most common of these measures is known as the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998).The basic idea is that participants should be faster when pairing two closely associated than weakly associated categories. However, while much research in this regard has investigated attitudes toward smoking, little has employed these measures when investigating attitudes toward smokers.Of the limited research on attitudes toward smokers, Swanson, Rudman, and Greenwald (2001) found that while smokers demonstrated anti-smoking biases, they identified themselves as being a "smoker" on an IAT. In other words, smokers engaged in behavior they did not appear implicitly positive toward, but this did not impact negatively on their self-esteem levels (measured by another IAT). This basic effect was replicated in a study...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Section: Assessing the Impact Of Parental Smoking Status (Studies 1 Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Response Biases on the IRAP for Adults and Adolescents with Respect to Smokers and Nonsmokers: The Impact of Parental Smoking Status

et al. 2017

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“…The negative association found between OSY smoking and parent smoking in this study may appear to be contradictory with the literature. However, applying a simple logistic regression with self-smoking as dependent variable and parent smoking as a predictor variable result in a positive zero-order association, confirming what has been found in previous studies (159)(160)(161)(162)(163)(164)(165)(166). What our results show is that, once this association is controlled for potential confounders such as OSY friend smoking, the association becomes negative.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Out of school youth

Desai¹

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After students drop out of school, their alcohol use may vary according to the reason for dropping out. In this paper, out of school youth (OSY) are those between 13-20 years old, have not completed their schooling, and have not enrolled in secondary or high school for the current academic year. OSY are at heightened risk of alcohol use. This study examined the relationship between reasons for leaving school and alcohol use, taking into account gender differences. Survey data from 4222 OSY (mean age = 17.4 years, SD = 1.9; males = 59.4%) were analysed using ordinal regression. Leaving school for "not having enough money to pay for school fees" was associated with more alcohol consumption, among females living specifically in rural areas of Gauteng. However, in urban areas of KwaZulu Natal and Mpumalanga, females who left school for the same reason as their rural counterparts were less likely to consume alcohol in the past month. Males were more likely to consume higher levels of alcohol if they reported leaving school due to making someone pregnant, but only when they resided in peri-urban areas. Understanding the relationship between reasons for leaving school and alcohol use may give us insight into the profile of school dropouts at risk for alcohol use. This information is useful for intervention development across the school, home and community.

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“…Finally, we controlled our models for other sociodemographic variables, all of which have been found to be related to smoking [42][43][44]. First, we controlled for age ("How old are you?…”

Section: Friends' Influence (G) Getting Into Trouble (G)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking cessation support and obstetric outcomes in an Irish maternity hospital

McDonnell

Keogan

Clancy

et al. 2019

European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductiv

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Background: Most European countries have seen a decrease in the prevalence of adolescent smoking. This decrease has, however, been patterned by gender. Girls' smoking rates have now overtaken boys' in many European countries. The two genders may not, however, share the same smoking beliefs and this could explain differences between the genders in smoking prevalence. We describe gender differences in smoking beliefs and investigate variations between countries, along with their gender context. Methods: In 2016, we conducted the SILNE R study (Smoking Inequalities Learning from Natural Experiments -Renew) in 55 schools located in seven European countries: . We surveyed 12,979 students aged 14-16 years (50% were girls). We classified smoking beliefs into four categories: positive individual, positive social, negative individual, and negative social beliefs. We expected girls to score higher on the last three of those categories and we hypothesized that countries with a more genderequal culture would have less gender difference in beliefs about smoking. Results: One out of two smoking beliefs differed significantly between genders. Negative social beliefs were more common in girls, while beliefs about the dating-related aspects of smoking were more common in boys. We identified Germany and Belgium as the only countries with no gender differences in any of the belief scales. No correlation was found, however, between these scales and the Gender Inequality Index. Conclusions: In some countries, gender-specific interventions might be implemented; however, two opposing strategies might be used, depending on whether such programs are aimed at boys or girls.

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The role of parental smoking on adolescent smoking and its social patterning: a cross-sectional survey in six European cities

Abstract: Adolescents are more likely to smoke when their father and mother smoke. Although the susceptibility to parental smoking was similar across social classes, SE differences in parental smoking contribute to the transmission of SE inequalities in smoking.

Cited by 33 publications

References 28 publications

Response Biases on the IRAP for Adults and Adolescents with Respect to Smokers and Nonsmokers: The Impact of Parental Smoking Status

Response Biases on the IRAP for Adults and Adolescents with Respect to Smokers and Nonsmokers: The Impact of Parental Smoking Status

Out of school youth

Smoking cessation support and obstetric outcomes in an Irish maternity hospital

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