The Role of Oxidative Stress Enhanced by Adiposity in Cardiometabolic Diseases

Abstract

Cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs), including cardiovascular disease (CVD), metabolic syndrome (MetS), and type 2 diabetes (T2D), are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The growing prevalence of CVD is mostly attributed to the aging population and common occurrence of risk factors, such as high systolic blood pressure, elevated plasma glucose, and increased body mass index, which led to a global epidemic of obesity, MetS, and T2D. Oxidant–antioxidant balance disorders largely contribute to the pathogenesis and outcomes of CMDs, such as systemic essential hypertension, coronary artery disease, stroke, and MetS. Enhanced and disturbed generation of reactive oxygen species in excess adipose tissue during obesity may lead to increased oxidative stress. Understanding the interplay between adiposity, oxidative stress, and cardiometabolic risks can have translational impacts, leading to the identification of novel effective strategies for reducing the CMDs burden. The present review article is based on extant results from basic and clinical studies and specifically addresses the various aspects associated with oxidant–antioxidant balance disorders in the course of CMDs in subjects with excess adipose tissue accumulation. We aim at giving a comprehensive overview of existing knowledge, knowledge gaps, and future perspectives for further basic and clinical research. We provide insights into both the mechanisms and clinical implications of effects related to the interplay between adiposity and oxidative stress for treating and preventing CMDs. Future basic research and clinical trials are needed to further examine the mechanisms of adiposity-enhanced oxidative stress in CMDs and the efficacy of antioxidant therapies for reducing risk and improving outcome of patients with CMDs.

Serum Phthalate Concentrations and Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Adipose Tissue in a Spanish Adult Cohort

“…85,86 Lastly, biomarkers of oxidative stress were measured in adipose tissue, a highly novel biological matrix in regards to redox assessment, and whose homeostasis is closely linked to obesity-related chronic diseases, such as diabetes and cancer. 36,37 Thus, our study provides novel insights into the relationship between phthalate exposure redox (un)balance and opens the door to future research to confirm the associations found as well as their long-term health implication.…”

“…Measurement of phthalate metabolites is commonly performed in urine samples as it has some advantages over blood analyses, i.e., higher concentrations of metabolites and lower risk of contamination by the parent compounds . However, studies in the general population have shown moderate to strong correlations between phthalate metabolite concentrations in urine and serum. , Second, despite urine phthalate concentrations and detection rates are frequently higher than those in serum, the latter is closer to the effective dose and site of action so that we are closer to the effective dose. , Lastly, biomarkers of oxidative stress were measured in adipose tissue, a highly novel biological matrix in regards to redox assessment, and whose homeostasis is closely linked to obesity-related chronic diseases, such as diabetes and cancer. , …”

“…Increased adipogenesis is also relevant to the effects of oxidative stress. Both human and animal studies have shown that this tissue in obese individuals may represent a major source of ROS that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of obesity-associated metabolic syndrome. , Furthermore, these ROS are released into the peripheral blood and affect the activities of other organs and can lead to cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, or cancer, among other health disorders. ,− …”

“…Several human and animal studies have underlined the relevance of adipose tissue disruption in the onset of a number of noncommunicable chronic diseases (e.g., cardiovascular disease or diabetes). Particularly, in situ redox unbalance might have systemic implications and, therefore, promote the development of these prevalent conditions. ,− …”

Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of Silybum marianum Seed Extract Rich in Silydianin and Silychristin in a Rat Model of Metabolic Syndrome

“…Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is described by a cluster of symptoms including change in glucose metabolism, insulin dysfunction, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and liver steatosis. − The syndrome is often associated with obesity − and with increasing low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress that lead to cardiovascular disorders . The prevalence of this and related risk factors is estimated to rise in future decades due to lifestyle factors .…”