The role of oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by long-term hyperglycaemia, which leads to microangiopathy and macroangiopathy and ultimately increases the mortality of diabetic patients. Endothelial dysfunction, which has been recognized as a key factor in the pathogenesis of diabetic microangiopathy and macroangiopathy, is characterized by a reduction in NO bioavailability. Oxidative stress, which is the main pathogenic factor in diabetes, is one of the major triggers of endothelial dysfunction through the reduction in NO. In this review, we summarize the four sources of ROS in the diabetic vasculature and the underlying molecular mechanisms by which the pathogenic factors hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia, adipokines and insulin resistance induce oxidative stress in endothelial cells in the context of diabetes. In addition, we discuss oxidative stress-targeted interventions, including hypoglycaemic drugs, antioxidants and lifestyle interventions, and their effects on diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction. In summary, our review provides comprehensive insight into the roles of oxidative stress in diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction.

Toward Ultrasound Molecular Imaging of Endothelial Dysfunction in Diabetes: Targets, Strategies, and Challenges

“…Evidence suggests that endothelial cell senescence leads to the upregulation of inflammatory factors and ROS expression, displaying typical SASP-like characteristics. − Many features of endothelial cell dysfunction in atherosclerosis resemble the cellular senescence phenotype. Senescent endothelial cells display an imbalance in the production of vasodilatory and vasoconstrictive substances, characterized by a decrease in vasodilatory signals such as NO and PGI2, while exhibiting an elevation in vasoconstrictive signals including ET-1 and ROS . Hence, endothelial cell senescence contributes to decline in vasoreactivity and end-organ perfusion as well as enhanced vasodilation …”

“…Senescent endothelial cells display an imbalance in the production of vasodilatory and vasoconstrictive substances, characterized by a decrease in vasodilatory signals such as NO and PGI2, 110 while exhibiting an elevation in vasoconstrictive signals including ET-1 and ROS. 111 Hence, endothelial cell senescence contributes to decline in vasoreactivity and endorgan perfusion as well as enhanced vasodilation. 112 Senescent cells have distinguished surface markers.…”

Pulmonary Hypertension and Hyperglycemia—Not a Sweet Combination

“…When a diagnosis of PAH is made in elderly patients who present with cardiovascular comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus and obesity, early identification and treatment of PAH can improve outcomes. Endothelial dysfunction, a common denominator in both conditions, plays a pivotal role in their pathogenesis [1,11,12]. Endo-…”

“…Inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors contribute to endothelial injury, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and fibrosis in the pulmonary vasculature [1,11]. Several common inflammatory mediators play pivotal roles in both pulmonary hypertension (PH) and metabolic pathways, contributing to the interconnection between impaired glucose metabolism and PH [11,12]. Some of the key inflammatory mediators (see Table 1) involved include: The cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and its receptors, 1 and 2 (TNFR1, TNFR2), are members of TNFR superfamily, and are important mediators of chronic inflammation in diabetes mellitus [14,15].…”

Assessing the Relationship between Indexed Epicardial Adipose Tissue Thickness, Oxidative Stress in Adipocytes, and Coronary Artery Disease Complexity in Open-Heart Surgery Patients

“…The scores assigned by these observers were averaged to determine each patient's final SYNTAX score, with any significant discrepancies resolved through a re-scoring process. The scores were then categorized into low (<23), intermediate (23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32), and high (>32) tertiles using specialized software for calculation [15]. This categorization facilitated a more detailed analysis of the correlation between the complexity of coronary artery lesions and other cardiac parameters in the study.…”