The role of oncolytic virotherapy and viral oncogenes in the cancer stem cells: a review of virus in cancer stem cells

Abstract

Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) are the main “seeds” for the initiation, growth, metastasis, and recurrence of tumors. According to many studies, several viral infections, including the human papillomaviruses, hepatitis B virus, Epstein–Barr virus, and hepatitis C virus, promote the aggressiveness of cancer by encouraging the development of CSC features. Therefore, a better method for the targeted elimination of CSCs and knowledge of their regulatory mechanisms in human carcinogenesis may lead to the development of a future tool for the management and treatment of cancer. Oncolytic viruses (OVs), which include the herpes virus, adenovirus, vaccinia, and reovirus, are also a new class of cancer therapeutics that have favorable properties such as selective replication in tumor cells, delivery of numerous eukaryotic transgene payloads, induction of immunogenic cell death and promotion of antitumor immunity, as well as a tolerable safety profile that essentially differs from that of other cancer therapeutics. The effects of viral infection on the development of CSCs and the suppression of CSCs by OV therapy were examined in this paper. The purpose of this review is to investigate the dual role of viruses in CSCs (oncolytic virotherapy and viral oncogenes). Graphical Abstract

Increasing the sensitivity and accuracy of detecting exosomes as biomarkers for cancer monitoring using optical nanobiosensors

“…Global cancer incidence and mortality are increasing at an alarming rate for a variety of reasons, including population aging and expansion [ 11 , 12 ]. Nevertheless, early cancer detection can improve patient survival rates [ 12 , 13 ].…”

“…Global cancer incidence and mortality are increasing at an alarming rate for a variety of reasons, including population aging and expansion [ 11 , 12 ]. Nevertheless, early cancer detection can improve patient survival rates [ 12 , 13 ]. An area of inquiry that is relatively new in this discipline is the examination of Evs discharged by cells, where EXOs are advanced.…”