“…It can be materialised through financial dispute resolution institutions that uphold transparency, accountability, and consumer trust, which fix their problems, protect them, encourage fair competition, and improve the market. In parallel, the Ombudsman for Financial Services (OFS) in Malaysia was established to handle financial disputes (Mohd Zain et al, 2022), and the Alternative Institution for Dispute Resolution in the Financial Services Sector (LAPS SJK) in Indonesia was established to deal with financial disputes and safeguard their customers (Nurhayati et al, 2022). Both play a crucial role in implementing their respective countries' financial services regulations and rules, ensuring consumers have a reliable platform to voice their concerns and seek redress.…”