The Role of Nutrition in the Prevention and Intervention of Type 2 Diabetes

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a rapidly growing epidemic, which leads to increased mortality rates and health care costs. Nutrients (namely, carbohydrates, fat, protein, mineral substances, and vitamin), sensing, and management are central to metabolic homeostasis, therefore presenting a leading factor contributing to T2D. Understanding the comprehensive effects and the underlying mechanisms of nutrition in regulating glucose metabolism and the interactions of diet with genetics, epigenetics, and gut microbiota is helpful for developing new strategies to prevent and treat T2D. In this review, we discuss different mechanistic pathways contributing to T2D and then summarize the current researches concerning associations between different nutrients intake and glucose homeostasis. We also explore the possible relationship between nutrients and genetic background, epigenetics, and metagenomics in terms of the susceptibility and treatment of T2D. For the specificity of individual, precision nutrition depends on the person's genotype, and microbiota is vital to the prevention and intervention of T2D.

Association of TNF-α 308G/A and LEPR Gln223Arg Polymorphisms with the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

“…Based on the literature, it is inconclusive whether the -308G/A polymorphisms in the TNF-α promoter results in T2DM susceptibility [22][23][24][25][26]. However, our findings follow recent meta-analysis studies [27,28], suggesting that TNF-α -308G/A can be considered as a risk factor for T2DM.…”

The many faces of diabetes. Is there a need for re-classification? A narrative review

“…Adhering to the recommended amounts of macro and micronutrients of carbohydrates, fat, protein, vitamins, and minerals form part of the underlying mechanisms needed to regulate glucose metabolism to manage diabetes effectively [88], whether alone or in combination with drug therapy. Studies have shown a positive association between diets high in sugar and the development of T2DM [89], and an increase in the risk of insulin resistance and T2DM was found in people with high intakes of red meat, sweets, and fried food [90].…”

La epigenética en la diabetes mellitus tipo 2: una enfermedad crónica no transmisible

“…Avances recientes enfocados en la nutrición de precisión han descubierto que la dieta de los individuos puede incrementar el riesgo de desarrollar DM2 al interactuar con variantes genéticas específicas, modificando a su vez las características epigenéticas y la expresión de genes con la subsecuente alteración de las vías metabólicas 36 . Por ejemplo, se ha observado en ratas que una dieta baja en proteína durante el embarazo puede disminuir la acetilación de la histona H3 del promotor de NR1H3, lo cual silencia su expresión e incrementa el riesgo de DM2 en el producto 37 .…”

“…Uno de los puntos más importantes que destacar es que, así como la dieta de los individuos puede incrementar el riesgo para desarrollar DM2 al interactuar la genética y la epigenética, de igual forma la epigenética lo puede disminuir al ser reversible. Las intervenciones dietarias son capaces de modificar la expresión y las modificaciones epigenéticas de los genes involucrados en las rutas metabólicas, mientras que los perfiles de expresión y los marcadores epigenéticos pueden funcionar como predictores de respuestas personalizadas 36 .…”