The role of noncoding RNAs in Parkinson’s disease: biomarkers and associations with pathogenic pathways

Abstract

The discovery of various noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) and their biological implications is a growing area in cell biology. Increasing evidence has revealed canonical and noncanonical functions of long and small ncRNAs, including microRNAs, long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs, PIWI-interacting RNAs, and tRNA-derived fragments. These ncRNAs have the ability to regulate gene expression and modify metabolic pathways. Thus, they may have important roles as diagnostic biomarkers or therapeutic targets in various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, especially Parkinson’s disease. Recently, through diverse sequencing technologies and a wide variety of bioinformatic analytical tools, such as reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR, microarrays, next-generation sequencing and long-read sequencing, numerous ncRNAs have been shown to be associated with neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson’s disease. In this review article, we will first introduce the biogenesis of different ncRNAs, including microRNAs, PIWI-interacting RNAs, circular RNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and tRNA-derived fragments. The pros and cons of the detection platforms of ncRNAs and the reproducibility of bioinformatic analytical tools will be discussed in the second part. Finally, the recent discovery of numerous PD-associated ncRNAs and their association with the diagnosis and pathophysiology of PD are reviewed, and microRNAs and long ncRNAs that are transported by exosomes in biofluids are particularly emphasized.

Genome-Wide Association Study of Incident Dementia in a Community-Based Sample of Older Subjects

“…ncRNAs are relatively new classes of RNA that are broadly divided into small ncRNAs (< 200 nucleotides), including microR-NAs and piwi-interacting RNAs, and long ncRNAs (> 200 nucleotides) including circular and linear RNAs. These ncRNAs have the ability to regulate gene expression and affect metabolic pathways and have been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases [18][19][20][21]. Although we have not come across any published paper about the roles of these ncRNAs, based on the NCBI HPA RNA-seq data in normal tissues (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/), all four ncRNA genes (LOC105369711, LOC101928705, LOC729987, and LOC105375138) are expressed in the brain and thus may be relevant to AD Dementia.…”

Blood-based biomarker in Parkinson’s disease: potential for future applications in clinical research and practice

“…However, the identification of such markers is complicated, among other things, by the fact that blood is composed of different non-exclusive components, e.g., plasma, serum, PBMC, or exosomes, each of which contains sncRNA in a different composition (Roser et al 2018 ). Furthermore, the method that is used to detect and quantify sncRNAs as well as the sample pre-analytics may significantly alter the results of sncRNA analyses (Kuo et al 2021 ).…”

Circulating Non-Coding RNAs as Potential Diagnostic Biomarkers in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

“… Circulating ncRNAs are known to have tissue-specific expression patterns and profound relationships to development and diseases. 20 …”