The role of nervous system in adaptive response of bone to mechanical loading

Abstract

Bone tissue is remodeled through the catabolic function of the osteoclasts and the anabolic function of the osteoblasts. The process of bone homeostasis and metabolism has been identified to be co‐ordinated with several local and systemic factors, of which mechanical stimulation acts as an important regulator. Very recent studies have shown a mutual effect between bone and other organs, which means bone influences the activity of other organs and is also influenced by other organs and systems of the body, especially the nervous system. With the discovery of neuropeptide (calcitonin gene‐related peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, and neuropeptide Y) and neurotransmitter in bone and the adrenergic receptor observed in osteoclasts and osteoblasts, the function of peripheral nervous system including sympathetic and sensor nerves in bone resorption and its reaction to on osteoclasts and osteoblasts under mechanical stimulus cannot be ignored. Taken together, bone tissue is not only the mechanical transmitter, but as well the receptor of neural system under mechanical loading. This review aims to summarize the relationship among bone, nervous system, and mechanotransduction.

Treadmill exercise facilitated rotator cuff healing is coupled with regulating periphery neuropeptides expression in a murine model

“…Innervation of the periphery nerve has been observed in human tendon and emerging evidence suggests that periphery neuropeptides play a role in tendon healing 13,17,18 . Prior studies have indicated that the expression of sensory neuropeptides (CGRP and SP) in the skeleton was mechanosensitive 15,39 . This study demonstrates the involvement of mechanosensitive neuropeptides in healing enthesis, according to qRT‐PCR and immunochemistry results showing that the expression of CGRP and SP at the healing site increased when mice subjected to treadmill running.…”

“…Among the periphery neuropeptides, calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP) and peripheral neuropeptide Y (NPY) are the most commonly investigated. The regulatory roles of these neuropeptides in bone and joint physiology have been documented 14,15 . Expression of CGRP, SP, and NPY were reported to increase in both animal models of tendon injury and clinical specimen, suggesting a potential role for periphery nerve system participating in the progress of tendinopathy and tendon healing 16‐18 .…”

“…Furtherly, it has been indicated that non‐neural cell such as tenocyte has a neuroendocrine‐like function of secreting CGRP and SP at tendon tissue 19 . Moreover, the expression of periphery neuropeptides in the skeleton has been found mechanosensitive 15,20 . Recently, the expression profile of sympathetic and sensory neuropeptides in patellar tendon and Achilles tendon has been investigated 16,18 .…”

“…The regulatory roles of these neuropeptides in bone and joint physiology have been documented. 14,15 Expression of CGRP, SP, and NPY were reported to increase in both animal models of tendon injury and clinical specimen, suggesting a potential role for periphery nerve system participating in the progress of tendinopathy and tendon healing. [16][17][18] Furtherly, it has been indicated that non-neural cell such as tenocyte has a neuroendocrine-like function of secreting CGRP and SP at tendon tissue.…”

Exploring microRNAs in diabetic chronic cutaneous ulcers: Regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic potential

“…Continuous hyperglycaemia causes peripheral nerve injury. Once injured, the peripheral nerves lose their normal physiological function to increase blood flow as well as protecting bone resorption and reconstruction (Qiao et al, 2019). Eventually, the injury to the peripheral nerve causes the loss of the self‐protective function of the skin of the foot and joints of patients with hyperglycaemia.…”