The Role of Natural Killer (NK) Cells in Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review

Kumrić, Marko; Kurir, Tina Tičinović; Borovac, Josip Anđelo; Božić, Joško

doi:10.3390/biom10111514

Cited by 19 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 105 publications

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“…Among many other mechanisms, vascular calcification is a process of depositing calcium phosphate salts in the arterial wall and, therefore, contributes to the complex pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD) [ 3 , 4 ]. Calcium deposits are mostly scattered in small patches throughout the intima but can also dwell in the medial layer of the blood vessel and lead to increased arterial wall stiffness and consequent reduction in arterial compliance [ 5 , 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circulating Levels of Dephosphorylated-Uncarboxylated Matrix Gla Protein in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome

et al. 2021

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Vascular calcification contributes to the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease while matrix Gla protein (MGP) was recently identified as a potent inhibitor of vascular calcification. MGP fractions, such as dephosphorylated-uncarboxylated MGP (dp-ucMGP), lack post-translational modifications and are less efficient in vascular calcification inhibition. We sought to compare dp-ucMGP levels between patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), stratified by ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) status. Physical examination and clinical data, along with plasma dp-ucMGP levels, were obtained from 90 consecutive ACS patients. We observed that levels of dp-ucMGP were significantly higher in patients with NSTEMI compared to STEMI patients (1063.4 ± 518.6 vs. 742.7 ± 166.6 pmol/L, p < 0.001). NSTEMI status and positive family history of cardiovascular diseases were only independent predictors of the highest tertile of dp-ucMGP levels. Among those with NSTEMI, patients at a high risk of in-hospital mortality (adjudicated by GRACE score) had significantly higher levels of dp-ucMGP compared to non-high-risk patients (1417.8 ± 956.8 vs. 984.6 ± 335.0 pmol/L, p = 0.030). Altogether, our findings suggest that higher dp-ucMGP levels likely reflect higher calcification burden in ACS patients and might aid in the identification of NSTEMI patients at increased risk of in-hospital mortality. Furthermore, observed dp-ucMGP levels might reflect differences in atherosclerotic plaque pathobiology between patients with STEMI and NSTEMI.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circulating Levels of Dephosphorylated-Uncarboxylated Matrix Gla Protein in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome

et al. 2021

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“…Heart transplant: No significant HR SD 1 HR per SD. HRs and RRs are presented as HR (95% CI) 2 adjusted for ethnicity, sex, age, BMI, SBP, smoking, eGFR, total-to-HDL serum cholesterol ratio, CRP, albuminuria, use of antihypertensive drugs and warfarin, DM, history of CVD, and education.…”

Section: Study Study Population Measured Outcomes (Median Duration) Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Matrix Gla Protein in the Complex Network of Coronary Artery Disease: A Comprehensive Review

Kumrić

Borovac

Kurir

et al. 2021

Life

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Coronary artery disease (CAD) is widely recognized as one of the most important clinical entities. In recent years, a large body of accumulated data suggest that coronary artery calcification, a process highly prevalent in patients with CAD, occurs via well-organized biologic processes, rather than passively, as previously regarded. Matrix Gla protein (MGP), a vitamin K-dependent protein, emerged as an important inhibitor of both intimal and medial vascular calcification. The functionality of MGP hinges on two post-translational modifications: phosphorylation and carboxylation. Depending on the above-noted modifications, various species of MGP may exist in circulation, each with their respective level of functionality. Emerging data suggest that dysfunctional species of MGP, markedly, dephosphorylated-uncarboxylated MGP, might find its application as biomarkers of microvascular health, and assist in clinical decision making with regard to initiation of vitamin K supplementation. Hence, in this review we summarized the current knowledge with respect to the role of MGP in the complex network of vascular calcification with concurrent inferences to CAD. In addition, we discussed the effects of warfarin use on MGP functionality, with concomitant implications to coronary plaque stability.

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“…In ischemic cardiac diseases, angiogenesis participates in the healing process. Recent studies revealed a beneficial role of NK cells in cardiac remodeling and heart failure, invoking a growing interest in the therapeutic application of these cells in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) [ 205 , 206 ]. NK cells have been proven not only to prevent cardiac fibrosis in the proliferative phase after cardiac injury but also to promote vessel remodeling [ 206 , 207 ].…”

Section: Proangiogenic Potential Of Nk Cells In Angiogenesis-dependent Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent studies revealed a beneficial role of NK cells in cardiac remodeling and heart failure, invoking a growing interest in the therapeutic application of these cells in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) [ 205 , 206 ]. NK cells have been proven not only to prevent cardiac fibrosis in the proliferative phase after cardiac injury but also to promote vessel remodeling [ 206 , 207 ]. In a mouse model of myocardial infarction Bouchentouf et al demonstrated that an injection of IL-2-stimulated NK cells increases neovascularization and angiogenesis following acute cardiac ischemia [ 208 , 209 ].…”

Section: Proangiogenic Potential Of Nk Cells In Angiogenesis-dependent Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Angiogenic Properties of NK Cells in Cancer and Other Angiogenesis-Dependent Diseases

Radomska-Leśniewska

Białoszewska

Kamiński

2021

Cells

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The pathogenesis of many serious diseases, including cancer, is closely related to disturbances in the angiogenesis process. Angiogenesis is essential for the progression of tumor growth and metastasis. The tumor microenvironment (TME) has immunosuppressive properties, which contribute to tumor expansion and angiogenesis. Similarly, the uterine microenvironment (UME) exerts a tolerogenic (immunosuppressive) and proangiogenic effect on its cells, promoting implantation and development of the embryo and placenta. In the TME and UME natural killer (NK) cells, which otherwise are capable of killing target cells autonomously, enter a state of reduced cytotoxicity or anergy. Both TME and UME are rich with factors (e.g., TGF-β, glycodelin, hypoxia), which support a conversion of NK cells to the low/non-cytotoxic, proangiogenic CD56brightCD16low phenotype. It is plausible that the phenomenon of acquiring proangiogenic and low cytotoxic features by NK cells is not only limited to cancer but is a common feature of different angiogenesis-dependent diseases (ADDs). In this review, we will discuss the role of NK cells in angiogenesis disturbances associated with cancer and other selected ADDs. Expanding the knowledge of the mechanisms responsible for angiogenesis and its disorders contributes to a better understanding of ADDs and may have therapeutic implications.

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The Role of Natural Killer (NK) Cells in Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review

Cited by 19 publications

References 105 publications

Circulating Levels of Dephosphorylated-Uncarboxylated Matrix Gla Protein in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome

Circulating Levels of Dephosphorylated-Uncarboxylated Matrix Gla Protein in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome

Role of Matrix Gla Protein in the Complex Network of Coronary Artery Disease: A Comprehensive Review

Angiogenic Properties of NK Cells in Cancer and Other Angiogenesis-Dependent Diseases

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