The Role of Natural Gas Hydrate During Natural Gas Transportation

Abstract

The dependence of industry on natural gas has increased a lot last decades so the transportation of natural gas has become one of the most important issue in natural gas industry. Although the formation of natural gas hydrate is a problem in natural gas pipelines, the transportation of natural gas as natural gas hydrates by ships or trucks is an advantage. Therefore, in this study, first, the studies related to the inhibition of natural gas hydrate in pipelines are reviewed because there are many gas pipeline projects so natural gas hydrate inhibition is an important issue in natural gas industry. Then, the studies related to the transportation of natural gas as natural gas hydrates are reviewed in this study because this is a new subject and for the future, if research and development in this transportation method could be done successfully, this method might be better alternative compared to LNG and CNG natural gas transportation methods.

Kinetic Analysis of Methane Hydrate Formation with Butterfly Turbine Impellers

“…The hydration number is the number of water molecules required per guest methane molecule to form hydrate, and we used the hydration number of 6.1 for calculations based on the literature [ 6 , 7 ]. Hydrate productivity is determined as the normalized rate of hydrate formation calculated for the first 30 min from nucleation (the start of hydrate growth), and is given by Equation (4): where R 30 is the rate of hydrate growth (mol/s) for the first 30 min after the induction time.…”

“…Under standard conditions of temperature and pressure, methane hydrates can contain 150–180 v / v , hence they indicate significant gas storage properties [ 3 , 4 ]. The gas hydrates topic has attracted the interest of many researchers from different fields due to its application as an alternative energy resource, which is suitable for gas storage technology and gas transportation, along with separation technology and CO 2 sequestration [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ].…”

Enhanced Methane Hydrate Formation Kinetics in Frozen Particles of Biopolymer Solutions: Applicable to Methane Storage

“…10−12 The most common method of transporting gas in places inaccessible to the pipeline is considered to be liquefaction, but liquefied gas is not appropriate for long-term storage due to boil-off issues and cryogenic temperature requirements. 13,14 Gas storage in a solid hydrated state (as gas hydrate) is considered environmentally friendly, with excellent safety performance and the feasibility of long-distance transportation and large-scale storage. 15−17 Gas hydrates are nonstoichiometric ice-like compounds formed by trapping methane molecules in hydrogen-bonded water cavities at low temperatures and high-pressure conditions.…”

“…By 2040, conventional energy sources are expected to be exhausted, which can lead to an increase in demand for unconventional energy sources. Unconventional energy sources such as gas hydrates, coal bed methane, and shale gas would provide great potential for meeting the demand and resolving the problem with the uncertainties that have arisen due to the increasing level of energy consumption, the limited amount of resources, and increasingly stringent environmental regulations in past years. , However, another important aspect of the world agenda 2020–2030 is the environmental aspect. − According to recent studies by scientists and researchers, natural gas, including gas preserved in a solid hydrate form in the regions of permafrost distribution and under the ocean, is the cleanest developing natural nonrenewable source of energy to date. − Increasing the number and directions of gas imports requires the development of new reliable methods of transporting large volumes of natural gas to cater to energy security, resilience, and redundancy. − The most common method of transporting gas in places inaccessible to the pipeline is considered to be liquefaction, but liquefied gas is not appropriate for long-term storage due to boil-off issues and cryogenic temperature requirements. , Gas storage in a solid hydrated state (as gas hydrate) is considered environmentally friendly, with excellent safety performance and the feasibility of long-distance transportation and large-scale storage. − Gas hydrates are nonstoichiometric ice-like compounds formed by trapping methane molecules in hydrogen-bonded water cavities at low temperatures and high-pressure conditions. In such structures, water molecules are the hosts, and gas molecules are the guests.…”

A PESTLE Analysis of Biofuels Energy Industry in Europe

“…The drive to switch to an alternative transportation fuel is to reduce the dependency on oil and decrease the pressure on the environment [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. The targets set in the RED by the European Commission are to support the development of biofuels [9][10][11][12][13][14].…”