The Role of Musk in Relieving the Neurodegenerative Changes Induced After Exposure to Chronic Stress

Wahab, Manal Galal Abd El; Ali, Soad Shaker; Ayuob, Nasra Naeim

doi:10.1177/1533317518755993

Cited by 15 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…In this study, FLU induced an improvement in the behavioral, biochemical, and structural changes occurred in MOB of mice exposed to CUMS. In consistent with these findings, some previous studies revealed that FLU alleviated the behavioral changes induced by CUMS and improve the CUMS-induced structural changes in the hippocampus (33).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Ocimum basilicum (Basil) Modulates Apoptosis and Neurogenesis in Olfactory Pulp of Mice Exposed to Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress

et al. 2020

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Background: Ocimum basilicum (O. basilicum) was described to have antidepressant and anxiolytic activities. Although the relationship between the main olfactory bulb (MOB) and depression was recently reported, the chronic stress-induced dysfunction of the MOB is not clearly described. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the efficacy of inhalation of O. basilicum essential oils in improving chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced changes in MOB of mice and understand the mechanism underlying such effect. Materials and Methods: Adult male mice (n=40) were assigned into four groups included the control, CUMS-exposed, CUMS + fluoxetine (FLU), CUMS + O. basilicum. Behavioral changes, serum corticosterone level, and gene expression of GFAP, Ki 67, and caspase-3 were assessed using real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Histopathological and immunochemical examination of the MOB was performed. Results: FLU and O. basilicum significantly down-regulated (p = 0.002, p<0.001) caspase-3 gene expression indicating reduced apoptosis and up-regulated (p = 0.002, p < 0.001) Ki67 gene expression indicating enhanced neurogenesis in MOB, respectively. FLU and O. basilicum-treated mice markedly improved MOB mitral cell layer distortion and shrinkage induced by CUMS. Conclusion: O. basilicum relieved both biochemically and histopathological chronic stress-induced changes in the main olfactory bulb possibly through up-regulation of gene expression of GFAP and Ki67 and down-regulation of caspase-3 in the MOB.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Ocimum basilicum (Basil) Modulates Apoptosis and Neurogenesis in Olfactory Pulp of Mice Exposed to Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress

et al. 2020

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“…It is an organ that synthesizes, stores, and secretes musk, a viscous cream-colored liquid at initial secretion that eventually becomes a blackish-brown solid substance upon full maturation. Musk is a valuable raw material and ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine that is believed to have anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties (Cao and Zhou, 2007; Zhang et al, 2009), as well as significant effects on the central nervous system (Wahab et al, 2018) and the cardiovascular system (Fan et al, 2017). It is also used as a fragrance additive (He et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiota Changes in the Musk Gland of Male Forest Musk Deer During Musk Maturation

Zhang

et al. 2018

Front. Microbiol.

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The musk gland in an adult male forest musk deer is an organ that synthesizes, stores, and secretes musk, a cream-colored liquid upon initial secretion that gradually transforms into a blackish-brown solid substance upon full maturation. In this study, four healthy adult male forest musk deer were selected and a total of 12 musk samples were collected for analysis. The samples were in three different states depending on the different seasonal collection dates, which were in June, August, and October. High-throughput 16S-rRNA gene sequencing technology was used to detect microbiota changes in the gland. The results indicate that microbial richness gradually declined during the musk maturation process. The microbiota composition between the initial liquid and final solid musk samples was varied significantly (P < 0.05). The dominant bacterial phyla were similar at all three stages included Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. However, the abundances were differences in terms of the dominant bacterial genera. PICRUSt analysis showed the highest represented category was “Amino acid transport and metabolism” (24.8%), followed by “Transcription” (22.04%), and “Carbohydrate transport and metabolism” (20.74%). Our findings indicate that the microbiota in the musk gland plays an important role in the maturation process of musk.

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“…For example, CUS paradigms involve random, unpredictable exposure to variable daily stressors such as restraint, cage tilting and shaking for 4–8 weeks. CUS models typically show anxiety, depression-like behavior and increased plasma corticosterone levels at one, 6 and 18 days after stress cessation ( Monteiro et al, 2015 ; Abd El Wahab et al, 2018 ). Interestingly, C57BL/6 mice appear to be more resilient to CUS compared to other mouse strains and longer stress durations are usually needed to show depression-like behavior ( Monteiro et al, 2015 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic Hippocampal Abnormalities and Blunted HPA Axis in an Animal Model of Repeated Unpredictable Stress

Algamal

Ojo

Lungmus

et al. 2018

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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Incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) ranges from 3 to 30% in individuals exposed to traumatic events, with the highest prevalence in groups exposed to combat, torture, or rape. To date, only a few FDA approved drugs are available to treat PTSD, which only offer symptomatic relief and variable efficacy. There is, therefore, an urgent need to explore new concepts regarding the biological responses causing PTSD. Animal models are an appropriate platform for conducting such studies. Herein, we examined the chronic behavioral and neurobiological effects of repeated unpredictable stress (RUS) in a mouse model. 12 weeks-old C57BL/6J male mice were exposed to a 21-day RUS paradigm consisting of exposures to a predator odor (TMT) whilst under restraint, unstable social housing, inescapable footshocks and social isolation. Validity of the model was assessed by comprehensive examination of behavioral outcomes at an acute timepoint, 3 and 6 months post-RUS; and molecular profiling was also conducted on brain and plasma samples at the acute and 6 months timepoints. Stressed mice demonstrated recall of traumatic memories, passive stress coping behavior, acute anxiety, and weight gain deficits when compared to control mice. Immunoblotting of amygdala lysates showed a dysregulation in the p75NTR/ProBDNF, and glutamatergic signaling in stressed mice at the acute timepoint. At 6 months after RUS, stressed mice had lower plasma corticosterone, reduced hippocampal CA1 volume and reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels. In addition, glucocorticoid regulatory protein FKBP5 was downregulated in the hypothalamus of stressed mice at the same timepoint, together implicating an impaired hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal-axis. Our model demonstrates chronic behavioral and neurobiological outcomes consistent with those reported in human PTSD cases and thus presents a platform through which to understand the neurobiology of stress and explore new therapeutic interventions.

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The Role of Musk in Relieving the Neurodegenerative Changes Induced After Exposure to Chronic Stress

Abstract: Musk alleviated the memory impairment and neurodegenerative changes induced after exposure to the chronic stress.

Cited by 15 publications

References 52 publications

Ocimum basilicum (Basil) Modulates Apoptosis and Neurogenesis in Olfactory Pulp of Mice Exposed to Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress

Ocimum basilicum (Basil) Modulates Apoptosis and Neurogenesis in Olfactory Pulp of Mice Exposed to Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress

Microbiota Changes in the Musk Gland of Male Forest Musk Deer During Musk Maturation

Chronic Hippocampal Abnormalities and Blunted HPA Axis in an Animal Model of Repeated Unpredictable Stress

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