The role of mucosal barriers in human gut health

Seo, Kangseok; Seo, Jeong-Mi; Yeun, Jiyoun; Choi, Hae-Bin; Kim, Young–In; Chang, Shau‐Jin

doi:10.1007/s12272-021-01327-5

Cited by 45 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 141 publications

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“…It is covered by a single layer of cells that provides a biochemical and physical barrier between the host and the external environment, thus protecting the host from potentially irritating and antigenic substances present in the luminal compartment [1]. The epithelial layer that constitutes this barrier is regulated by a network of proteins that orchestrates complex biological functions, such as absorption, secretion, and transport of various nutrients and water [2]. Selective permeability is provided by the paracellular pathway and mediated by the junctional protein complex, which connects epithelial cells to each other.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Selective permeability is provided by the paracellular pathway and mediated by the junctional protein complex, which connects epithelial cells to each other. Intestinal barriers represent a dynamic and responsive interface and play a crucial role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and thus host health [2]. The GIT is also colonized by a large number of microorganisms living in symbiosis with their host, collectively known as the microbiota (formerly microflora); these microorganisms are now widely recognized as a key regulator of intestinal homeostasis and overall gut health, with numerous beneficial effects [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bioactive Compounds in Food as a Current Therapeutic Approach to Maintain a Healthy Intestinal Epithelium

et al. 2021

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The intestinal epithelium serves as an effective barrier against the external environment, hampering the passage of potentially harmful substances (such as pathogenic microbes) that could trigger an exacerbated host immune response. The integrity of this barrier is thus essential for the maintenance of proper intestinal homeostasis and efficient protective reactions against chemical and microbial challenges. The principal consequence of intestinal barrier defects is an increase in intestinal permeability, which leads to an increased influx of luminal stressors, such as pathogens, toxins, and allergens, which in turn trigger inflammation and immune response. The fine and fragile balance of intestinal homeostasis can be altered by multiple factors that regulate barrier function, many of which are poorly understood. This review will address the role of gut microbiota as well as food supplements (such as probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics) in modulating gut health and regulating intestinal barrier function. In particular, we will focus on three human pathologies: inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and food allergy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioactive Compounds in Food as a Current Therapeutic Approach to Maintain a Healthy Intestinal Epithelium

et al. 2021

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“…Moreover, the combination of these biomarkers might also be used to follow the progression of the disease severity from pulmonary involvement (serum NSE) to the enhanced systemic inflammation (gut permeability defect and NETosis) and/or the progression into sepsis (presepsin). Additionally, the neutralization of these parameters (alone or in combination)—including (i) the strengthening gut integrity using probiotics, short-chain fatty acid, and/or zonulin alteration [ 103 , 104 ]; (ii) LPS absorption [ 105 ]; and (iii) BG removal [ 106 ]—might be the new adjuvant treatment. Further studies on these topics are required.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Possible Impact of LPS and (1→3)-β-D-glucan in Blood from Gut Translocation

Saithong

Worasilchai

Saisorn

et al. 2022

Cells

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Due to limited data on the link between gut barrier defects (leaky gut) and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), blood samples of COVID-19 cases—mild (upper respiratory tract symptoms without pneumonia; n = 27), moderate (pneumonia without hypoxia; n = 28), and severe (pneumonia with hypoxia; n = 20)—versus healthy control (n = 15) were evaluated, together with in vitro experiments. Accordingly, neutrophil counts, serum cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), bacteria-free DNA, and NETs parameters (fluorescent-stained nuclear morphology, dsDNA, neutrophil elastase, histone–DNA complex, and myeloperoxidase–DNA complex) were found to differentiate COVID-19 severity, whereas serum (1→3)-β-D-glucan (BG) was different between the control and COVID-19 cases. Despite non-detectable bacteria-free DNA in the blood of healthy volunteers, using blood bacteriome analysis, proteobacterial DNA was similarly predominant in both control and COVID-19 cases (all severities). In parallel, only COVID-19 samples from moderate and severe cases, but not mild cases, were activated in vitro NETs, as determined by supernatant dsDNA, Peptidyl Arginine Deiminase 4, and nuclear morphology. With neutrophil experiments, LPS plus BG (LPS + BG) more prominently induced NETs, cytokines, NFκB, and reactive oxygen species, when compared with the activation by each molecule alone. In conclusion, pathogen molecules (LPS and BG) from gut translocation along with neutrophilia and cytokinemia in COVID-19-activated, NETs-induced hyperinflammation.

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“…Microbial communities are associated with many human body niches, including the gut, skin, lungs, and mucosal surface [4][5][6]. The gut is the most densely and diversely colonised organ, with a bacterial to host cell ratio of 1:1 [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Respiratory tract infections and gut microbiome modifications: A systematic review

2022

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Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are extremely common and can cause gastrointestinal tract symptoms and changes to the gut microbiota, yet these effects are poorly understood. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the reported evidence of gut microbiome alterations in patients with a RTI compared to healthy controls (PROSPERO: CRD42019138853). We systematically searched Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane and the Clinical Trial Database for studies published between January 2015 and June 2021. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were human cohorts describing the gut microbiome in patients with an RTI compared to healthy controls and the infection was caused by a viral or bacterial pathogen. Dual data screening and extraction with narrative synthesis was performed. We identified 1,593 articles and assessed 11 full texts for inclusion. Included studies (some nested) reported gut microbiome changes in the context of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (n = 5), influenza (H1N1 and H7N9) (n = 2), Tuberculosis (TB) (n = 4), Community-Acquired Pneumonia CAP (n = 2) and recurrent RTIs (rRTI) (n = 1) infections. We found studies of patients with an RTI compared to controls reported a decrease in gut microbiome diversity (Shannon) of 1.45 units (95% CI, 0.15–2.50 [p, <0.0001]) and a lower abundance of taxa (p, 0.0086). Meta-analysis of the Shannon value showed considerable heterogeneity between studies (I2, 94.42). Unbiased analysis displayed as a funnel plot revealed a depletion of Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae and Ruminococcus and enrichment of Enterococcus. There was an important absence in the lack of cohort studies reporting gut microbiome changes and high heterogeneity between studies may be explained by variations in microbiome methods and confounder effects. Further human cohort studies are needed to understand RTI-induced gut microbiome changes to better understand interplay between microbes and respiratory health.

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The role of mucosal barriers in human gut health

Cited by 45 publications

References 141 publications

Bioactive Compounds in Food as a Current Therapeutic Approach to Maintain a Healthy Intestinal Epithelium

Bioactive Compounds in Food as a Current Therapeutic Approach to Maintain a Healthy Intestinal Epithelium

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Possible Impact of LPS and (1→3)-β-D-glucan in Blood from Gut Translocation

Respiratory tract infections and gut microbiome modifications: A systematic review

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