The role of MoS₂nano-slabs in the protection of solid cracking catalysts for the total conversion of heavy oils to good quality distillates

MoS2 supported on P25 titania: A model system for the activation of a HDS catalyst

“…As sulfiding reagent, typically H 2 S in H 2 is used, but also CS 2 [22] and organosulfides [24] have been successfully applied to convert the precursor into MoS 2 . The nature of the support, in terms of chemical composition and surface properties, plays a fundamental role during the growth of the sulfide phase [22,[25][26][27]. As the process is proposed to occur at sulfur coordination vacancies placed on the edges of MoS 2 particles [8,28], usually a small particle size combined with a good dispersion is expected to lead to the exposure of a large number of active sites.…”

Interlayer Expansion of the Layered Zeolite Precursor RUB-39: A Universal Method To Synthesize Functionalized Microporous Silicates

“…10 Despite the large variety of structures and compositions, only some of these framework structure types are in important commercial applications, and most of the materials are silicate zeolites. 11 Still, there is an intensive search for new microporous frameworks, in particular with properties tailored for specific processes. In heterogeneous catalysis, new concepts for oxidation reactions are sought, as well as more-effective catalysts for the conversion of alternative raw materials (e.g., methanol, biorenewables) to fuels and base chemicals (e.g., gasoline/diesel, olefins) and eventually to products of higher added value, such as fine chemicals.…”

The Turning Point of the Refining Industry in Europe

“…The only way to obtain a deep conversion of heavy components without affecting the overall yields to valuable products is to recycle the heavy unconverted fraction back to the reactor to ensure longer residence times only for the most refractory molecules, without degrading gasoline and middle-distillate cuts. 5a and 5b) [11]. The solution to these problems has been the target of Eni R&D since the late 1980s, when it started the original idea of developing a hydroconversion process based on nanodispersed catalysts that could fulfill the complete conversion of heavy feedstocks.…”

“…This results in a high catalytic activity and stability as the catalyst size and shape are maintained constant even for long test runs [11]. After the reaction section, the products are separated in a fractionation section.…”

“…In the early stage of the reaction, more than 80 % of the catalyst particles are formed by single isolated MoS 2 lamellae, the remaining being constituted by packets of two or, in minor extent, three layers ( Fig. 5a and 5b) [11]. With the progress of the reaction, the catalyst showed only a slight tendency to pack, but the average radial dimensions of the catalyst particles did not change significantly during the long industrial test, showing a slight increase from~45 to~50 Å (Fig.…”