The Role of microRNAs in Inflammation

Abstract

Inflammation is a biological response of the immune system to various insults, such as pathogens, toxic compounds, damaged cells, and radiation. The complex network of pro- and anti-inflammatory factors and their direction towards inflammation often leads to the development and progression of various inflammation-associated diseases. The role of small non-coding RNAs (small ncRNAs) in inflammation has gained much attention in the past two decades for their regulation of inflammatory gene expression at multiple levels and their potential to serve as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in various diseases. One group of small ncRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), has become a key regulator in various inflammatory disease conditions. Their fine-tuning of target gene regulation often turns out to be an important factor in controlling aberrant inflammatory reactions in the system. This review summarizes the biogenesis of miRNA and the mechanisms of miRNA-mediated gene regulation. The review also briefly discusses various pro- and anti-inflammatory miRNAs, their targets and functions, and provides a detailed discussion on the role of miR-10a in inflammation.

MAPK Is a Mutual Pathway Targeted by Anxiety-Related miRNAs, and E2F5 Is a Putative Target for Anxiolytic miRNAs

“…The miRNAs usually result in either translational repression or the degradation of the target mRNA (via binding to specific sequences at the 3′-UTR) or the inhibition of gene expression (via binding to either the 5′-UTR or the coding region of the target molecules). In contrast, their binding at the promoter site of the target molecules enhances gene expression [ 66 ]. In summary, a single miRNA could potentially target numerous mRNAs, while at the same time, one mRNA could contain multiple binding sites for miRNAs, turning this into a possibility that a vast number of biological processes could be regulated by this interaction [ 67 ].…”

InflammamiRs in focus: Delivery strategies and therapeutic approaches

“…Colitis [42] miR-21 A negative regulator of IRAK1 and MyD88 in the TLR signaling pathway HCV infection [43] miR-146a Regulates the release of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α [44] miR-Inhibits the production of inflammatory factors such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα [45] let-7 Overexpression led to reduction in IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα COVID-19 [46] Modulates ICAM1, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ secretion Diabetes-associated atherosclerosis [47] miR-Upregulation of miR-150-5p alleviates LPS-induced inflammatory response by targeting Notch1 [48] Regulates the inflammatory response in macrophages by STAT1 [49] miR-7 IL-1β reduces the level of miR-7, thereby increasing the expression of CD98 IBD [50] miR-Upregulation was associated with a significant decrease in NF-kB [51] (Continues) miR-10a can regulate various inflammation-associated diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), colitis, acute pancreatitis (AP), sepsis, atherosclerosis, and cancer. 56 The downregulation of miR-10a is accompanied by the induction of IL-12/IL-23p40 and colitis in mice. 42 The miR-181 family (miR-181a, miR-181b, miR-181c, and miR-181d) negatively regulates TNFα mRNA stability.…”

Analysis of circRNA profiles and clinical value in Stevens‐Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis

“…In the last few years, miRNA as a non‐coding RNA has been elucidated in the pathogenesis of SJS/TEN and investigated as a potential diagnostic marker for SJS/TEN. MiRNA can regulate the expression of cell‐secreted inflammatory mediators in PBMC 10 . A few studies indicated that aberrant expression of miRNAs in the skin and serum of SJS/TEN.…”

“…MiRNA can regulate the expression of cell-secreted inflammatory mediators in PBMC. 10 A few studies indicated that aberrant expression of miRNAs in the skin and serum of SJS/TEN. More importantly, Ichihara and Sato established that miR-18a-5p and miR-124 upregulation could be used as markers for TEN disease assessment.…”