The Role of microRNAs in Epigenetic Regulation of Signaling Pathways in Neurological Pathologies

Abstract

In recent times, there has been a significant increase in researchers’ interest in the functions of microRNAs and the role of these molecules in the pathogenesis of many multifactorial diseases. This is related to the diagnostic and prognostic potential of microRNA expression levels as well as the prospects of using it in personalized targeted therapy. This review of the literature analyzes existing scientific data on the involvement of microRNAs in the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the development of pathologies such as Alzheimer’s disease, cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury, and dysfunction of the blood–brain barrier.

Analysis of MicroRNA Cargo in Circulating Extracellular Vesicles from HIV-Infected Individuals with Pulmonary Hypertension

“…Additional miRNAs involved in the regulation of cell proliferation including miR-4458, miR-92b-3p, miR-301a-3p, miR-373-3p, and miR-148a-3p were either experimentally observed or predicted to target TGFβR2 and/or TNF molecules ( Supplementary Figure S2A ). MiRNA-92b-3p in addition to TNF has been experimentally validated to target Krüppel-like factor 4 ( KLF4 ), BMPR2 , CCAAT enhancer-binding protein alpha ( CEBPA ) [ 35 , 36 , 37 ], while miR-4458 is known to target cyclin-dependent kinase 6 ( CDK6 ), Neurofibromin 2 ( NF2 ), CEBPA, PR domain zinc finger protein 1 ( PRDM1 ), and Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 ( STAT 3 ) in addition to TGFBR2 and TNF . All these molecules belong to the pathways significantly involved in PH pathogenesis [ 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ].…”

Molecular Mechanisms of Neuroprotection after the Intermittent Exposures of Hypercapnic Hypoxia

“…Moreover, the combined effects of hypercapnia and hypoxia can influence all these systems to varying degrees, forming a neuroprotective effect (Figure 6). Recent studies demonstrate the significance of epigenetic regulation in maintaining the selective permeability and integrity of the BBB, which exert a neuroprotective effect under the influence of microRNAs (miRNAs) [150]. For instance, the overexpression of miRNA-126-3p/-5p in the ischemic brains of mice suppresses the effects of proinflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules, preserving the integrity of cerebral vessel endothelium and reducing the negative consequences of stroke [151].…”

Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases: How Much Do We Still Not Know?

“…Furthermore, it is emerging that neuroinflammation is also the result of the modulation in expression of genes encoding immune and injury's molecules. miRNAs [15] and epigenetic factors [16], including A-to-I RNA editing, M6A RNA methylation, and alternative splicing [15][16][17], have recently been revealed to have a fundamental role. Finally, circadian rhythm disorders have recently also been discovered to impact both the onset and development of neuroinflammation through the activation of glial cells and peripheral immune responses [18].…”