The Role of Microorganisms for Eggs and Progeny

Kellner, Rupert

doi:10.1002/9780470760253.ch6

Cited by 23 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…Eggs may contain symbionts that are transmitted by the female and are also exposed to pathogens (Kellner, 2002). The response to oviposition could thus be due to microorganisms associated with the eggs.…”

Section: Nature Of the Elicitormentioning

confidence: 99%

Oviposition by Pierid Butterflies Triggers Defense Responses in Arabidopsis

et al. 2006

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Insect eggs represent a threat for the plant as hatching larvae rapidly start with their feeding activity. Using a whole-genome microarray, we studied the expression profile of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves after oviposition by two pierid butterflies. For Pieris brassicae, the deposition of egg batches changed the expression of hundreds of genes over a period of 3 d after oviposition. The transcript signature was similar to that observed during a hypersensitive response or in lesion-mimic mutants, including the induction of defense and stress-related genes and the repression of genes involved in growth and photosynthesis. Deposition of single eggs by Pieris rapae caused a similar although much weaker transcriptional response. Analysis of the jasmonic acid and salicylic acid mutants coi1-1 and sid2-1 indicated that the response to egg deposition is mostly independent of these signaling pathways. Histochemical analyses showed that egg deposition is causing a localized cell death, accompanied by the accumulation of callose, and the production of reactive oxygen species. In addition, activation of the pathogenesis-related1Tb-glucuronidase reporter gene correlated precisely with the site of egg deposition and was also triggered by crude egg extract. This study provides molecular evidence for the detection of egg deposition by Arabidopsis plants and suggests that oviposition causes a localized response with strong similarity to a hypersensitive response.

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Section: Nature Of the Elicitormentioning

confidence: 99%

Oviposition by Pierid Butterflies Triggers Defense Responses in Arabidopsis

et al. 2006

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“…This attraction seems to be mediated by a combination of physical and chemical volatile compounds emitted by biological processes of decomposition, as has been reported for other species of Diptera (Kellner 2002). However, without further and more extensive and rigorous comparisons with other similar Þeld situations, no particular mechanism can be indicated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Facilitation Among Saproxylic Insects Inhabiting Tree Hollows in a Mediterranean Forest: The Case of Cetonids (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae) and Syrphids (Diptera: Syrphidae)

et al. 2014

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Tree hollows offer an ideal niche for saproxylic insects in mature Mediterranean forests, where Diptera and Coleoptera are the richest groups. Co-occurrence is frequently observed among many species of both groups in these microhabitats, and some of these species have been considered to facilitate the presence of other species by acting as ecosystem engineers. One of the systems that is found in Mediterranean tree hollows is formed by cetonid (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae) and syrphid (Diptera: Syrphidae) larvae. Here, cetonid larvae feed on wood and litter and produce a substrate that is easier to decompose. To assess the possible role of these larvae as facilitating agents for the saproxylic guild, we studied whether the presence of saprophagous Syrphidae inside tree hollows is associated with the activity of cetonid larvae. Furthermore, in laboratory conditions, we tested whether cetonid larvae activity can improve the development and fitness of the saprophagous syrphid species. Our results show that "cetonid activity" was the variable that best explained the presence of saprophagous syrphid species in natural conditions. Myathropa florea (L., 1758) was one of the species most influenced by this activity. The laboratory experiment gave similar results, demonstrating that an enriched substrate with Cetonia aurataeformis Curti, 1913 larval feces improves syrphid larval growth rate and fitness of adults (measured as longer wing length) of M. florea.

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“…In several other insects, treatment with antibiotics was shown to result in aposymbiotic individuals (Stouthamer et al, 1990;Dobson and Rattanadechakul, 2001;Grenier et al, 2002). In the staphylinid beetle Paederus, antibiotic treatment killed the endosymbionts producing the polyketide pederin and resulted in pederin-free individuals (Kellner, 1999(Kellner, , 2001(Kellner, , 2002.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, endosymbiotic microorganisms are well known to mediate insect nutrition, production of insect pheromones, and defence against insect pathogens and predators (Buchner, 1965;Dillon et al, 2002;Dillon and Dillon, 2004). For example, the polyketide pederin, a defensive substance in female staphylinid beetles of the genus Paederus, is produced by endosymbiotic γ-proteobacteria (Kellner, 1999(Kellner, , 2002. Only eggs from beetles infected with these bacteria contain pederin (Kellner, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, eggs were screened for endosymbionts by molecu-lar methods. Eggs were chosen for the following reasons: (1) Anthraquinones and anthrones are present in the eggs and, thus, possible endosymbiotic producers might inhabit the eggs; (2) Vertical transfer of endosymbionts from one generation to the next can be conducted generally by contamination of the habitat with these microorganisms or by associating endosymbionts with the eggs (Kellner, 2002). Eggs of G. tanaceti overwinter, and the habitat vegetation is renewed when the next generation occurs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anthraquinones as defensive compounds in eggs of Galerucini leaf beetles: Biosynthesis by the beetles?

Pankewitz

Zöllmer

Gräser

et al. 2007

Arch Insect Biochem Physiol

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Eggs of leaf beetles of the tribe Galerucini, subfamily Galerucinae, contain polyketides that are unusual in insects: 1,8-dihydroxylated anthraquinones (chrysazin, chrysophanol) and anthrones (dithranol, chrysarobin) deterring predators. The host plants do not contain these compounds. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the beetles, but not bacterial or fungal microorganisms living as endosymbionts within the beetles, produce the anthraquinones. The tansy leaf beetle Galeruca tanaceti was used as Galerucini model organism. It was treated with antimicrobial substances to eradicate the microorganisms and inhibit the hypothesised endosymbiotic anthraquinone production. Despite treatment, female G. tanaceti laid eggs containing anthraquinones. Although broad spectrum antimicrobials were used, it cannot be excluded that the potential endosymbiotic microorganisms are resistant. Given that the hypothesised endosymbionts are transferred via the eggs from one generation to the next, bacterial or fungal DNA was expected to be present in the eggs. With the exception of Wolbachia pipientis, however, no further 16S rDNA from bacteria responsible for anthraquinone biosynthesis was detected in eggs of untreated beetles. Because Wolbachia were also found in closely related anthraquinone-free insects, we exclude these bacteria as producers of the defensive polyketides. Nor was any 18S rDNA from fungi with anthraquinone biosynthetic abilities detected. Our results indicate that anthraquinones and anthrones in eggs of Galerucini are produced by beetle enzymes and not by endosymbiotic microorganisms within the eggs.

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The Role of Microorganisms for Eggs and Progeny

Cited by 23 publications

References 70 publications

Oviposition by Pierid Butterflies Triggers Defense Responses in Arabidopsis

Oviposition by Pierid Butterflies Triggers Defense Responses in Arabidopsis

Facilitation Among Saproxylic Insects Inhabiting Tree Hollows in a Mediterranean Forest: The Case of Cetonids (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae) and Syrphids (Diptera: Syrphidae)

Anthraquinones as defensive compounds in eggs of Galerucini leaf beetles: Biosynthesis by the beetles?

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