The Role of Microglia in Diabetic Retinopathy

Grigsby, Jeffery G.; Cardona, Sandra M.; Pouw, Cindy E.; Muniz, A.; Mendiola, Andrew S.; Tsin, Andrew; Allen, Donald M.; Cardona, Astrid E.

doi:10.1155/2014/705783

Cited by 156 publications

(175 citation statements)

References 146 publications

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“…In addition, activated microglia have been observed to up-regulate proinflammatory mediators tumor necrosis factor-a, IL-1b, IL-6, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1. 43 The resulting glial celleactivated neuroinflammation can thereby contribute to vascular breakdown, while promoting further glial and neuronal cell dysfunction.…”

Section: Inflammation and Diabetic Retinopathymentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanistic Insights into Pathological Changes in the Diabetic Retina

Roy

Kern

Song

et al. 2017

The American Journal of Pathology

166

147

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Increasing evidence points to inflammation as one of the key players in diabetes-mediating adverse effects to the neuronal and vascular components of the retina. Sustained inflammation induces biochemical and molecular changes, ultimately contributing to retinal complications and vision loss in diabetic retinopathy. In this review, we describe changes involving metabolic abnormalities secondary to hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and activation of transcription factors, together with neuroglial alterations in the diabetic retina. Changes in biochemical pathways and how they promote pathophysiologic developments involving proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules are discussed. Inflammation-mediated leukostasis, retinal ischemia, and neovascularization and their contribution to pathological and clinical stages leading to vision loss in diabetic retinopathy (DR) are highlighted. In addition, potential treatment strategies involving fibrates, connexins, neuroprotectants, photobiomodulation, and anti-inflammatory agents against the development and progression of DR lesions are reviewed. The importance of appropriate animal models for testing novel strategies against DR lesions is discussed; in particular, a novel nonhuman primate model of DR and the suitability of rodent models are weighed. The purpose of this review is to highlight our current understanding of the pathogenesis of DR and to summarize recent advances using novel approaches or targets to investigate and inhibit the retinopathy. (Am J Pathol 2017, 187: 9e19; http://dx

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Section: Inflammation and Diabetic Retinopathymentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanistic Insights into Pathological Changes in the Diabetic Retina

Roy

Kern

Song

et al. 2017

The American Journal of Pathology

166

147

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Recent studies have highlighted the importance of immune cell function in the protection against diabetic retinal injury 99. As already discussed, targeting of microglia, which become activated under hyperglycaemic conditions, has been shown to lessen vascular injury.…”

Section: Diabetic Retinopathy Antioxidant Defences and Immunotherapiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent novel approaches to limit oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetic complications

et al. 2018

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Diabetes is considered a major burden on the healthcare system of Western and non‐Western societies with the disease reaching epidemic proportions globally. Diabetic patients are highly susceptible to developing micro‐ and macrovascular complications, which contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality rates. Over the past decade, a plethora of research has demonstrated that oxidative stress and inflammation are intricately linked and significant drivers of these diabetic complications. Thus, the focus now has been towards specific mechanism‐based strategies that can target both oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways to improve the outcome of disease burden. This review will focus on the mechanisms that drive these diabetic complications and the feasibility of emerging new therapies to combat oxidative stress and inflammation in the diabetic milieu.

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“…When activated, they release pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic substances 17 . As inflammatory cytokines increase in the presence of prolonged hyperglycaemia, microglia become activated, increase in number and disseminate throughout the retina 27 . Hyperglycaemia may independently activate microglia through interactions with glycated compounds, leading to the release of TNF- (ref.…”

Section: Cellular Changes From Inflammation In Diabetic Retinopathymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Variations in microglial genetics may account for differences in a patient's susceptibility to DR 27 .…”

Section: Cellular Changes From Inflammation In Diabetic Retinopathymentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Inflammation in Diabetic Retinopathy:Therapeutic Targets

Hobbs¹,

Monickaraj²,

McGuire³

et al. 2017

Current Science

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Inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR), leading to alterations in the blood-retinal barrier and increased vascular permeability. Many anti-VEGF medications are now available for the treatment of DR, but response to these medications is not as robust in patients with diabetic macular oedema. Newer biologic agents are currently under study to improve the treatment of DR. These have shown promising results to both decrease the treatment burden of intravitreal injections and improve visual outcomes for diabetic patients.

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The Role of Microglia in Diabetic Retinopathy

Cited by 156 publications

References 146 publications

Mechanistic Insights into Pathological Changes in the Diabetic Retina

Mechanistic Insights into Pathological Changes in the Diabetic Retina

Recent novel approaches to limit oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetic complications

Role of Inflammation in Diabetic Retinopathy:Therapeutic Targets

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