The Role of Microbiome in Brain Development and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Abstract

Hundreds of billions of commensal microorganisms live in and on our bodies, most of which colonize the gut shortly after birth and stay there for the rest of our lives. In animal models, bidirectional communications between the central nervous system and gut microbiota (Gut–Brain Axis) have been extensively studied, and it is clear that changes in microbiota composition play a vital role in the pathogenesis of various neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Autism Spectrum Disorder, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, anxiety, stress, and so on. The makeup of the microbiome is impacted by a variety of factors, such as genetics, health status, method of delivery, environment, nutrition, and exercise, and the present understanding of the role of gut microbiota and its metabolites in the preservation of brain functioning and the development of the aforementioned neurological illnesses is summarized in this review article. Furthermore, we discuss current breakthroughs in the use of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics to address neurological illnesses. Moreover, we also discussed the role of boron-based diet in memory, boron and microbiome relation, boron as anti-inflammatory agents, and boron in neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, in the coming years, boron reagents will play a significant role to improve dysbiosis and will open new areas for researchers.

New Insights into Boron Essentiality in Humans and Animals

“…Establishing the essentiality of NOB species for a healthy relationship between microbiota and their human/animal hosts will mark a new approach to the use of these species as prebiotic candidates in human and animal nutrition. The literature explains that the health of humans/animal organisms depends on the health of the microbiota [ 116 , 149 ], supporting the view that the role of NOB species is crucial for the health of the human/animal organism [ 34 ]. This role has resulted from many scientific experiments shown that NOB species increase the buffering capacity of saliva [ 77 , 81 ], have a positive impact on the intestinal and oral microbiome [ 76 ], protect important probiotic bacteria, namely Bifidobacterium spp.…”

“…In our opinion, in the future, B analysis from the feces and colonic mucus could become an important marker indicating the lack of B from nutrition and a predictive factor for several diseases resulting from unhealthy symbiosis. Subsequently, the commensal bacteria need B as an essential component of their diet for survival, thus proving B’s role in modulating microbiome physiology [ 116 ]. Furthermore, the male microbiome is different from the female one [ 117 ].…”

Microbiota Dysbiosis in Parkinson Disease—In Search of a Biomarker

“…It is therefore crucial that constipation be considered an important modifying factor when analyzing gut bacteria composition. The question remains whether changes in gut microbiota are the cause or the consequence of altered peristaltic movements in PD subjects [ 82 ].…”

Probiotics: Protecting Our Health from the Gut

“…The microbiota–gut–brain axis has successfully linked the contents of the GM to various neurodegenerative disorders, developmental disorders, and mood changes [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ]. The relationship between these diseases and the microbiota is mainly related to several bacterial metabolites that act as immunoregulatory and neurochemical factors [ 37 , 38 , 39 ].…”