The role of mass movements on landscape evolution in the Central Karakoram: Discussion and speculation

Paraglacial rock-slope stability

“…In particular, terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide concentrations (originating from cosmic ray bombardment) have been used to date landslide debris (Ballantyne et al, 1998;Ballantyne and Stone, 2004;Bigot-Cormier et al, 2005;Hippolyte et al, 2006;Mitchell et al, 2007;Cossart et al, 2008;El Bedoui et al, 2009;Hippolyte et al, 2009;Sanchez et al, 2009;Shroder et al, 2010). Radiocarbon as well as tephrachronology and optically stimulated luminescence methods have also been applied (Beget, 1985;André, 1986;André, 1997;Watanabe et al, 1998;Smith, 2001;Soldati et al, 2004;Ballantyne, 2008;Agliardi et al, 2009a;Pánek et al, 2009;Borgatti and Soldati, 2010;Pánek et al, 2011).…”

Enhanced rock‐slope failure following ice‐sheet deglaciation: timing and causes

“…Surface exposure dating using cosmogenic isotopes [principally beryllium‐10 ( 10 Be) and chlorine‐36 ( 36 Cl)] is now routinely employed to establish the age of postglacial RSFs, particularly in tectonically‐active mountain belts (Ivy‐Ochs and Schaller, ). Exposure dating of RSFs has been employed, for example, to investigate the evolution of slope deformations (Bigot‐Cormier et al ., ; Agliardi et al ., ; El Bedoui et al ., ; Hippolyte et al ., ), to constrain the extent of Pleistocene glacier advances (Sanhueza‐Pino et al ., ), to determine the level of hazard at former landslide sites (Welkner et al ., ), to estimate long‐term rates of pre‐failure sliding (Hermanns et al ., ) and to determine the contribution of RSFs to postglacial denudation and landscape evolution (Barnard et al ., ; Antinao and Gosse, ; Seong et al ., ; Hewitt et al ., ; Shroder et al ., ). The timing of individual dated RSFs has been variously related to deglacial unloading and stress release (Cossart et al ., ; Shroder et al ., ), seismic triggering or neotectonic activity (Mitchell et al ., ; Antinao and Gosse, ; Sanchez et al ., ; Stock and Uhrhammer, ; Hermanns and Niedermann, ; Hewitt et al ., ; Penna et al ., ) or climatic controls (Hermanns and Schellenberger, ; Hormes et al ., ; Dortch et al ., ; Ivy‐Ochs et al ., ).…”

“…Exposure dating of RSFs has been employed, for example, to investigate the evolution of slope deformations (Bigot-Cormier et al, 2005;Agliardi et al, 2009;El Bedoui et al, 2009;Hippolyte et al, 2009), to constrain the extent of Pleistocene glacier advances (Sanhueza-Pino et al, 2011), to determine the level of hazard at former landslide sites (Welkner et al, 2010), to estimate long-term rates of pre-failure sliding (Hermanns et al, 2012) and to determine the contribution of RSFs to postglacial denudation and landscape evolution (Barnard et al, 2001;Antinao and Gosse, 2009;Seong et al, 2009;Hewitt et al, 2011;Shroder et al, 2011). The timing of individual dated RSFs has been variously related to deglacial unloading and stress release (Cossart et al, 2008;Shroder et al, 2011), seismic triggering or neotectonic activity (Mitchell et al, 2007;Antinao and Few of the above-mentioned studies, however, specifically address the question of the temporal pattern of RSFs following Late Pleistocene deglaciation and the implications of this pattern for failure mechanisms. Cruden and Hu (1993) proposed that the frequency of failure declines exponentially with time elapsed since deglaciation, and several authors have suggested that the frequency of large RSFs peaks immediately after deglaciation and declines thereafter (Abele, 1974;Soldati et al, 2004).…”

Relief evolution of landslide slopes in the Kamienne Mts (Central Sudetes, Poland) – analysis of a high-resolution DEM from airborne LiDAR

“…Mass movements occur not only in high mountain areas (e.g. Cendrero and Dramis 1996;Guglielmi and Cappa 2010;Shroder Jr. et al 2011;Pánek et al 2017;Schwartz et al 2017) but also in regions with lower topography (e.g. Wistuba et al 2015;Yenes et al 2015).…”