The role of masculine norms and informal support on mental health in incarcerated men.

Abstract

Mental health problems, in general, and major depression in particular, are prevalent among incarcerated men. It is estimated that 23% of state inmates report experiencing symptoms of major depression. Despite the high rates of depressive symptoms, there is little understanding about the psychosocial factors that are associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms of incarcerated men. One factor relevant to the mental health of incarcerated men is their adherence to traditional masculine norms. We investigated the role of masculine norms and informal support on depressive and anxiety symptoms among 123 incarcerated men. The results revealed that adherence to the masculine norm of emotional control were negatively associated with depressive symptoms while heterosexual presentation and informal support were related to both depressive and anxiety symptoms. High levels of reported informal support moderated the effects of heterosexual presentation on depressive and anxiety symptoms. Public health and clinical implications are discussed.

Adherence to traditionally masculine norms and condom-related beliefs: Emphasis on African American and Hispanic men.

“…Moderation analyses confirmed that the difference was statistically significant. To the extent that men in these populations are denied status or expectation of status within a culture of traditional masculinity in the United States (Bowleg et al, 2011; Gordon, et al, 2013; Iwamoto et al, 2011; Iwamoto et al, 2012; Murphy et al, 2013; Wade & Rochlen, 2013), both partners may have felt that it was important to maintain a semblance of status for male partners, as indicated in a prior qualitative study (Bowleg et al, 2004). This could have led to deference to men, thus reducing women’s sense of agency.…”

“…Although traditional masculinity may exclude certain groups of individuals (e.g., Blacks, women, homosexuals) while privileging White men (Connell & Messerschmidt, 2005; Wade, 2008), anyone is subject to it regardless of their social status (Iwamoto, Cheng, Lee, Takamatsu, & Gordon, 2011; Iwamoto et al, 2012). This is important for some men of color, who, because of their social status, may be unable to “fully” attain ideals of traditional masculinity, yet are still subject to it.…”

“…For example, among socioeconomically marginalized men, strong adherence to traditionally masculine norms related to toughness and an emphasis on sexual prowess are bolstered by the male partners’ perceived inability to attain the gender role of an economic provider (Kerrigan et al, 2007). Indeed, adherence to traditionally masculine norms has real-world implications: adherence to these norms is linked to health outcomes—regardless of race, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status (Gordon, et al, 2013; Iwamoto et al, 2012; Murphy, Gordon, Sherrod, Dancy, & Kershaw, 2013). …”

How 'male health' fits into the field of urology

“…The masculine role adopted by many men fosters gendered lifestyles and behaviour. 12,13 Men are taught to be independent, fearless, and strong. As such, they avoid seeking help or acknow ledging weakness or vulnerability, which can adversely affect their health.…”

The Influence of General Discrimination and Social Context on Young Urban Expecting Couples’ Mental Health

“…Social support, a cognitive process whereby one is loved, esteemed, and a part of a network of spouses, friends and family members who provide psychological and material resources (Cohen & Wills, 1985) has been consistently linked to better mental health (Iwamoto et al, 2012). Existing literature (Hays, Turner, & Coates, 1992; Iwamoto et al, 2012) has documented that the experience of social support moderates the effects of HIV symptom expression and masculinity on depression and stress (Broadhead et al, 1983; House, Landis, & Umberson, 1988). There have been calls for research that examines how the contextual issues impacting individuals affect their use and experience of social support (Braveman, Egerter, & Williams, 2011; Thoits, 1995).…”