The role of marine salt and surfactants in the decline of Tyrrhenian coastal vegetation in Italy

Bussotti, F.; Grossoni, Paolo; Pantani, Francesco

doi:10.1051/forest:19950306

Cited by 30 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…For a long time, symptoms of decline have been described on vegetation growing near the Mediterranean coasts in the Bouches du Rhône, France (Deveze and Sigoillot, 1978;Sigoillot, 1982;Garrec and Sigoillot, 1992;Crouzet and Resch, 1993), and in Italy (Gellini et al, 1985;Guidi et al, 1988;Clauser et al, 1989;Loglio et al, 1989;Bussotti et al, 1995). Similar observations were made in Australia on the Sydney coastline (Pitman et al, 1977; Grieve and Pitman, 1978; Dowden and Lambert, 1979;Moodie et al, 1986).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 63%

“…The relative amounts of solute contained in cuticles and waxes would also depend on the time of exposure. Uptake of chemicals into conifer needles proceeds in two distinct phases (Screiber and (Schönherr and Huber, 1977;Chamel et al, 1992 (Bussotti et al, 1995) and Quercus ilex (Moricca et al, 1993). It has been shown that the highly ordered and crystalline waxes limit the sorption of solutes across isolated plant cuticles (Bukovac and Petracek, 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of marine salts on the localization and accumulation of surfactant in the needles of Pinus halepensis Mill

Richard¹,

Grieu²,

Badot³

et al. 1996

Ann. For. Sci.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of marine salts on the localization and accumulation of surfactant in the needles of Pinus halepensis Mill

Richard¹,

Grieu²,

Badot³

et al. 1996

Ann. For. Sci.

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“…The response of forest species to treatments with surfactants and sea water has been studied examining: chloride ion in foliar tissues [11,23], water potential and gas exchange [8], damage to stomata and epicuticular waxes [12,43,44], foliar anatomy [10][11][12], pollen germination [34,40]. Guidi et al [22] compared chloride accumulation and visible injury in the three typically Mediterranean pines (P. halepensis Mill., P. pinea L., and P. pinaster L.), two months after a single 60 min exposure to 240 mg/L of sodium alchyl sulphonate in synthetic sea water, suggesting the following sensitivity scale: P. pinea > P. halepensis > P. pinaster.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecophysiological responses of Mediterranean pines to simulated sea aerosol polluted with an anionic surfactant: prospects for biomonitoring

Rettori

Paoletti

Nicolotti³

et al. 2005

Ann. For. Sci.

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-Sea aerosol may contain surfactants as pollutants. We examined ecophysiological mechanisms involved in the sensitivity of three Mediterranean pines to five spray treatments with sea water including an anionic surfactant, 5 to 500 mg/L dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate. Despite the reduction of surfactant in sea aerosol over the past 20 years, Mediterranean pinewoods are still at risk for surfactant pollution, since concentrations in the field reach the visible injury threshold here recorded, i.e. 2 mg/L surfactant deposited on needles. The chloride toxicity threshold was 2 mg/g needle dw; values exceeded the threshold only when sea water was polluted by more than 30 mg/L surfactant. The surfactant altered epistomatal waxy microtubules and thus needle water potential. The phytotoxic effect increased with time, even in the absence of further exposures ("delayed-action" effect). Needle chloride content appeared better suited for biomonitoring surveys than structural damage to stomata, quantity of epicuticular waxes, drop contact angle, or midday water potential. All three species were sensitive to injury, according to the order: P. pinea > P. halepensis > P. pinaster.Aleppo pine / coastal forests / maritime pine / polluted sea-spray / stone pine Résumé -Réponses écophysiologiques de quelques pins méditerranéens à un aérosol marin pollué artificiellement avec un surfactant anionique : perspectives pour un biocontrôle. Les embruns marins peuvent contenir des polluants. Dans le présent travail ont été étudiés et comparés les mécanismes écophysiologiques liés à la sensibilité de trois pins méditerranéens traités avec de l'eau de mer polluée avec cinq concentrations (de 5 à 500 mg/L) de dioctyl sulfosuccinate de sodium. Malgré la réduction des surfactants dans l'eau de mer pendant les 20 dernières années, les pins méditerranéens ont encore des risques de dépérissement à caue des concentrations qui atteignent le seuil de dégât visible sur les aiguilles : 2 mg/L de surfactant déposé sur les aiguilles. Le seuil de toxicité du chlore était de 2 mg/g de poids sec des aiguilles ; les valeurs mesurées ont dépassé le seuil de toxicité lorsque l'eau de mer avait une concentration supérieure à 30 mg/L de surfactants. Le polluant a endommagé les tubes cireux épistomatiques et, par voie de conséquence, a eu un effet sur le potentiel hydrique des aiguilles. L'effet toxique a augmenté avec le temps, même en l'absence d'expositions ultérieures des aiguilles au polluant (effet « action prolongée »). Dans la perspective d'un suivi par un biocontrôle parmi les paramètres étudiés, le contenu en chlore des aiguilles semble être mieux indiqué que les dégâts stomatiques, la quantité des cires épicuticulaires, l'angle de contact de la goutte ou le potentiel hydrique. Les trois espèces se sont montrées sensibles aux différentes concentrations de surfactant, selon l'ordre suivant : P. pinea > P. halepensis > P. pinaster. aérosol marin pollué / forêt littorale / pin dAlep / pin maritime / pin parasol

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“…I risultati ottenuti confermano quanto riscontrato in tempi più o meno recenti in altre regioni italiane (Bussotti et al 1995, Paoletti 2001; ossia, i danni alla vegetazione sono circoscritti, lungo tratti di costa prossimi alla fonte dell'inquinamento. Raramente il tratto di costa interessato supera i 1800 m di lunghezza, ma, laddove questo avviene, come nella piana di Gioia Tauro e nella piana tra Battipaglia e Eboli, il rischio di scomparsa della vegetazione impiantata a protezione dei coltivi è da reputarsi elevato.…”

Section: Discussioneunclassified

“…lungo la costa tirrenica italiana e in Puglia (Lapucci et al 1972, Gellini et al 1983, Gellini et al 1985, Gellini et al 1987, Bussotti et al 1995, Paoletti 2001, Acacia cyanophilla e Eucalyptus gomphacephala nella penisola di Cap Bon in Tunisia (Garrec & El Ayeb 2001), varie latifoglie e conifere sul litorale barcellonese e valenciano in Spagna (Astorga et al 1993, Marull et al 1997, Calatayud et al 2005.…”

Section: Introduzioneunclassified

Surfactant damages on coastal vegetation in southern Italy

Rettori¹,

Paoletti²,

Capua³

et al. 2005

Forest@

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Surfactant damages on coastal vegetation of Southern Italy.Coastal vegetation decline caused by seaspray has been reported to affect a variety of species in several countries: Australia, South of France, along the Italian Tyrrhenian coast, Spain and Tunisia. The most serious injury is due to the interaction between sea salt and surfactants, even if surfactants may cause direct damage on cell membranes. The salt uptake is enhanced by the durfactant-induced erosion of the epicuticular wax, which reduces the water surface tension. The symptoms are non-specific and consist in leaf discoloration and necrosis. In needles, necrosis begins from the apex; in leaves, from the edges. Directionality of crown damage is the main symptom for diagnosing the involvement of polluted seaspray. If an obstacle is placed between trees and sea wind, the trees do not show appreciable damage. In Italy, the tree decline caused by seaspray and surfactants has been investigated with special reference to the pinewoods of the San Rossore (Tuscany, Central Italy), or on the Tyrrhenian coastlands of Central Italy, such as the area around Castelporziano in Lazio. This research is aimed at a preliminary assessment of the extent of surfactant damage to the coastal vegetation in four regions in Southern Italy by: i) field surveys and mapping of damage caused by surfactants; ii) detecting the presence of surfactants on the tree crowns. The damages have been observed in a lot of zones in Apulia, Basilicata, Campania and Calabria, within 500 m inland from the sea, for a maximum length of 5500 m coastline, near the mouth of a river or stream, near the outlet of sewage canals and in any other coastal areas where the surface currents carry a surfactant load.

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The role of marine salt and surfactants in the decline of Tyrrhenian coastal vegetation in Italy

Cited by 30 publications

References 17 publications

Influence of marine salts on the localization and accumulation of surfactant in the needles of Pinus halepensis Mill

Influence of marine salts on the localization and accumulation of surfactant in the needles of Pinus halepensis Mill

Ecophysiological responses of Mediterranean pines to simulated sea aerosol polluted with an anionic surfactant: prospects for biomonitoring

Surfactant damages on coastal vegetation in southern Italy

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