Bone is the preferred site of prostate cancer metastasis, contributing to the morbidity and mortality of this disease. A key step in the successful establishment of prostate cancer bone metastases is activation of osteoclasts with subsequent bone resorption causing the release of several growth factors from the bone matrix. CD11b+ cells in bone marrow are enriched for osteoclast precursors. Conditioned media from prostate cancer PC-3 cells induces CD11b+ cells from human peripheral blood to differentiate into functional osteoclasts with subsequent bone resorption. Analysis of PC-3 conditioned media revealed high amounts of IL-6 and IL-8. CD11b+ cells were cultured with M-CSF and RANKL, IL-6, IL-8 and CCL2, alone or in combination. All of these conditions induced osteoclast fusion, but cells cultured with M-CSF, IL-6, IL-8 and CCL2 were capable of limited bone resorption. Co-incubation with IL-6 and IL-8 and the RANK inhibitor, RANK-Fc, failed to inhibit osteoclast fusion and bone resorption, suggesting a potential RANKL-independent mechanism of functional osteoclast formation. This study demonstrates that functional osteoclasts can be derived from CD11b+ cells derived from human PBMCs. Prostate cancer cells secrete factors, including IL-6 and IL-8, that play an important role in osteoclast fusion by a RANKLindependent mechanism.
KeywordsOsteoclast; CD11b; Prostate Cancer; RANKL; IL-6; IL-8; CCL2Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in US men [Walczak and Carducci, 2007]. Advanced prostate cancer is first treated through chemical or surgical castration because a large percentage of the cancer cells are androgen dependent. The large majority of patients, however, relapse within a few years of treatment because of the emergence of a castration resistant clone of cancer cells. Castration independent prostate cancer is an incurable disease with little effective therapy and there is a great need for novel therapeutic strategies that target the molecular basis of castration-independent, chemoresistant prostate cancer [Isaacs, 2005]. Previous studies have demonstrated that 83%-90% of men had evidence of bone metastasis when they died of prostate cancer Kingsley et al., 2007;Loberg et al., 2005]. Bone is the preferred metastasis site of advanced prostate cancer, and in many patients, the only clinically evident site of metastasis at the time of death . There is a great need of novel therapeutic strategies that target the molecular basis of advanced prostate cancer -bone interactions. A
NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript key step in the successful establishment of prostate cancer bone metastases is osteoclast formation and bone resorption followed by the release of several growth factors from the bone matrix that promotes tumor growth . The mechanisms by which prostate cancer cells promote osteoclast formation and bone resorption remain unclear.Previous reports suggested that RANKL, Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8) and C-C chemokine ligand 2 (MC...