“…Determinant factors for 4IR leadership attributes include visionary, contingent reward, courage, idealized influences, inspiration, intellectual stimulation, passion, strategic thinking, focus, collaboration, innovation, willingness to change, communication, emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence, responsibility and accountability, technology, entrepreneurial, adaptive, shaping society, problem-solving, critical thinking (Daud et al, 2021). A leader's transformational leadership and external pressure, such as a customer's smart factory investment, have positive impacts on a firm's operational technology (OT) and information technology (IT) adoptions (Chumnumporn et al, 2022).…”