The role of known variants of KCNQ1, KCNH2, KCNE1, SCN5A, and NOS1AP in water-related deaths

Abstract

Drowning is one of the most frequent causes of accidental deaths worldwide, and still it remains a diagnosis of exclusion. Moreover, sudden cardiac deaths (SCD) or, if no actual cardiac alterations can be found, sudden unexplained deaths (SUD) represent a major group within mortality statistics as well. This leads to the assumption that there might be a general underlying cause for at least some cases of drowning, SCD, or SUD, for example, genetic aberrations in arrhythmia-associated genes. In the present study, blood samples of 171 corpses found in water (drowning, death after almost drowning, and unclear deaths) were analyzed in 19 known variants of the genes KCNQ1, KCNH2, KCNE1, SCN5A, and NOS1AP by minisequencing. In three variants of NOS1AP, significant differences of allele and/or genotype frequencies could be demonstrated between victims of drowning and published controls as well as own controls. Moreover, similar differences were found comparing unexplained deaths in water and controls. Regarding the other genes, especially one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of KCNQ1 could be associated with drowning. These results propose that performing a molecular autopsy analyzing known variants of arrhythmia-associated genes, in particular NOS1AP, may assist in establishing a cause of death for bodies found in water without clear drowning signs.

<p>A Novel Mutation Of The <em>EMD</em> Gene In A Family With Cardiac Conduction Abnormalities And A High Incidence Of Sudden Cardiac Death</p>

“…Therefore, the identification of genetic factors that predispose these patients to SCD is important because this enables genetic testing that may contribute to diagnosis and risk stratification 28. Currently, most studies have focused on genes that encode ion channels ( SCN5A, HCN4, KCNJ2 ),29,30 structural proteins ( LMNA, DES, JUP ), cardiac transcription factors ( NKX2-5, TBX5 ), gap junctions ( Cx40 ) and energy metabolism regulators ( PRKAG2 ),28,31,32–34 but few studies have selected EMD as a positional candidate gene for sequencing. Our findings provide a rationale for EMD mutation testing in cases of X-linked inherited CCD or SCD, even if pathognomonic neuromuscular features may not be obvious.…”