The role of isoflavon in reducing blood glucose levels

Abstract

Plants provide excellent sources of medicinal compounds. Over 5000 flavonoids have been isolated and identified from plant sources. Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds mainly recognized as pigments which produce the colors found in flowers, fruit and leaves. Dietary polyphenols are commonly found in plants and are abundant in fruit, vegetables, chocolate, and nuts. These polyphenols also found in beverages including tea, coffee, wine, and soy milk. Flavonoids are known to lower glucose levels, decrease cholesterol and triglycerides, and increase liver enzyme levels most likely by stimulating pancreatic insulin release. By activating cell-signaling pathways involved in controlling blood glucose levels, flavonoids aid in carbohydrate digestion, and adipose deposition. Flavonoids containing isoflavones, flavanols, flavanones, flavonols, flavones, and anthocyanins have been studied from clinic study until pre clinic study. However, not all of the studies conducted had adequate results. Isoflavone is one of the potential flavonoids that still can be explored for future research. Research on isoflavone supplementation in animals and humans in reducing blood glucose levels is still limited. Short-term supplementation did not improve blood glucose levels in postmenopausal women, while other studies suggest that the long-term isoflavone supplementation can reduce postmenopausal blood glucose levels. These findings found that isoflavone is a component of flavonoids that have potency in reducing blood glucose levels. ABSTRAK Tanaman merupakan sumber senyawa obat yang bagus. Lebih dari 5000 flavonoid telah di isolasi dan di identifikasi dari tumbuhan. Flavonoid merupakan senyawa polifenol terutama dikenal sebagai pigmen yang bertanggung jawab terhadap beberapa warna bunga, buah dan daun. Polifenol diet merupakan senyawa kimia yang berasal dari tumbuhan yang banyak terdapat dalam buah, sayuran, coklat, dan kacang, juga terdapat pada minuman seperti teh, kopi, anggur dan susu kedelai. Flavonoid dapat menurunkan kadar glukosa darah, kolesterol dan trigliserida plasma secara bermakna dan meningkatkan aktivitas glukokinase hepar dengan meningkatkan pelepasan insulin dari sel beta pankreas. Flavonoid mengatur pencernaan karbohidrat, deposisi jaringan adiposa, pelepasan insulin, dan ambilan glukosa dalam jaringan yang merespon terhadap insulin melalui beberapa jalur signaling sel. Flavonoid terdiri dari isoflavon, flavanol, flavanon, flavonol, flavon, dan antosiani telah dikaji mulai dari uji pre klinik sampai klinik. Namun, tidak semua penelitian yang dilakukan menunjukkan hasil yang sesuai. Salah satu flavonoid yang mungkin memberi harapan untuk penelitian masa depan adalah isoflavon. Penelitian tentang suplementasi isoflavon pada hewan dan manusia dalam menurunkan kadar glukosa darah masih terbatas. Suplementasi isoflavon jangka pendek tidak memperbaiki kadar glukosa darah pada wanita postmenopausal, sedangkan penelitian lain menunjukkan bahwa suplementasi isoflavon jangka panjang dapat menurunkan kadar glukosa darah wanita po...

The Impact of Punica granatum Linn and Its Derivatives on Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Endothelial Function in Diabetes Mellitus: Evidence from Preclinical and Clinical Studies

“…MDA levels were reduced in several preclinical studies [16,19,20,23,34,[36][37][38][39][41][42][43][45][46][47]51,56]. Interestingly, similar findings were observed in clinical studies, as shown by a decrease in MDA levels [26,30,53,66].…”

“…Treating STZ-induced diabetic Wistar rats with pomegranate juice at doses of 100 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg for four weeks resulted in increased GSH (56.25 ± 1.90 nM/mg and 66.51 ± 1.82 nM/mg compared to 34.67 ± 2.76 nM/mg, p < 0.05), CAT (47.14 ± 1.65 U/mg and 66.36 ± 1.99 U/mg compared to 16.47 ± 0.79 U/mg, p < 0.05), and SOD levels (165.3 ± 3.25 U/mg, 237.9 ± 19.72 U/mg compared to 45.62 ± 6.10 U/mg, p < 0.05) and decreased levels of TBARS (1.247 ± 0.02 µM/mg and 0.80 ± 0.02 µM/mg in respective dosage compared to untreated group 2.23 ± 0.04 µM/mg, p < 0.05) [24]. Some contrasting findings were dose-dependent as Praseytastuti et al [51] revealed that STZ-induced diabetic Sprague Dawley rats for four weeks of pomegranate juice only 2 mL/200 g of PJ could significantly decrease MDA levels while 1 and 4 mL/200 g showed no difference in MDA levels (post-treatment, 0.69 ± 0.22 µmol/L compared to baseline 2.02 ± 1.68 µmol/L, p > 0.05 at 1 mL/200g). Moreover, at 2 mL/200 g (0.68 ± 0.38 µmol/L compared to 2.02 ± 1.68 µmol/L, p < 0.05 at 2 mL/200 g) and 0.85 ± 0.12 µmol/L compared to 3.16 ± 2.09 µmol/L at a dose of 4 mL/200 g. This is partially supported by more recent evidence, as a study by Abdulhadi et al [53] showed that intraperitoneal injection of punicalagin at 1 mg/kg for 15 days in STZ-induced diabetic Wistar rats showed a significant decrease in MDA formation in the pancreas (p < 0.001).…”

“…We identified 33 preclinical studies published in peer-reviewed journals from 2006 to 2023 relevant to our review. These studies were published in various countries, including China [22,34,35], Egypt [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44], India [24,[45][46][47][48], Iran [20,23,49,50], Indonesia [51], Israel [52], Iraq [53], Malaysia [16,54], Mexico [55], Saudi Arabia [56], Turkey [19,21,57,58], and United States of America [59]. Various methods were used to induce a diabetes model in these preclinical studies, such as the intraperitoneal injection of single streptozotocin (STZ), STZ combined with nicotinamide (NAD), STZ, and high-fat diet, and alloxan monohydrate.…”

Effect of Moderate Intensity Activities and Soymilk Consumption on Decreasing Metabolic Syndrome Parameters

“…Isoflavones can reduce blood glucose levels. Supplementation with isoflavones is known to suppress gluconeogenic enzyme activity and reduce β-oxidation of fatty acids and lipid accumulation (14,15). The increasing cases of NCDs (cardiovascular disease, T2DM, and stroke) in Indonesia are expected to increase the burden on society and the government.…”