The role of iron in viral infections

Schmidt, Sophie

doi:10.2741/4839

Cited by 57 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…It has been shown that iron overload in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) is a risk factor for severe disease and increased mortality. Homozygous and heterozygous mutations in HFE C282Y have been shown to cause hepatic iron overload promoting steatosis and liver fibrosis in HCV-infected patients [1] . It has been further suggested that limiting iron availability to infected cells by using iron chelators could be a beneficial therapy in viral infections [2] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hereditary haemochromatosis, haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and COVID-19

Riley¹,

Irvine²,

Blanchard³

et al. 2020

Clinical Infection in Practice

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Highlights Bi-phasic illness observed in COVID 19 leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome after week two of illness. Haemochromatosis compromises host defence mechanisms and predisposes to infection. Excess intracellular and circulating iron may increase COVID-19 viral replication leading to a hyperinflammatory state. Hepatotoxicity may have been exacerbated by IL-1 receptor antagonist use in combination with haemochromatosis, acute COVID-19 infection and haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The key role of iron in viral infections is well described, although not fully understood. Iron is an essential factor for successful viral replication within living hosts and replete intracellular iron stores provide favourable conditions for this process 1 , 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hereditary haemochromatosis, haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and COVID-19

Riley¹,

Irvine²,

Blanchard³

et al. 2020

Clinical Infection in Practice

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Therefore, the host's iron status can alter the course of infection and its resolution. Moreover, viral infections need active cell metabolism and, therefore, a significant viral replication requires a high iron availability [28,29]. As a matter of fact, iron homeostasis disorders including Fpn, TfR1 and Ftn dysregulated synthesis lead to an intracellular iron overload which facilitate viral multiplication and spreading.…”

Section: Iron and Inflammatory Homeostasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Lactoferrin as Protective Natural Barrier of Respiratory and Intestinal Mucosa against Coronavirus Infection and Inflammation

Campione

Cosio

Rosa

et al. 2020

IJMS

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Recently, the world has been dealing with a devastating global pandemic coronavirus infection, with more than 12 million infected worldwide and over 300,000 deaths as of May 15th 2020, related to a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), characterized by a spherical morphology and identified through next-generation sequencing. Although the respiratory tract is the primary portal of entry of SARS-CoV-2, gastrointestinal involvement associated with nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea may also occur. No drug or vaccine has been approved due to the absence of evidence deriving from rigorous clinical trials. Increasing interest has been highlighted on the possible preventative role and adjunct treatment of lactoferrin, glycoprotein of human secretions part of a non-specific defensive system, known to play a crucial role against microbial and viral infections and exerting anti-inflammatory effects on different mucosal surfaces and able to regulate iron metabolism. In this review, analysing lactoferrin properties, we propose designing a clinical trial to evaluate and verify its effect using a dual combination treatment with local, solubilized intranasal spray formulation and oral administration. Lactoferrin could counteract the coronavirus infection and inflammation, acting either as natural barrier of both respiratory and intestinal mucosa or reverting the iron disorders related to the viral colonization.

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“…Viral infections need active cell metabolism and, therefore, a significant viral replication requires a high iron availability [82]. As a general rule, intracellular iron overload, induced by up-expression of hepcidin, promotes the progression of viral infections, as demonstrated for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [83]. Conversely, HCV infections represent a peculiar exception, presenting the down-regulation of hepcidin, which is then up-regulated following antiviral therapy [81].…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Viral Hepatitis and Iron Dysregulation: Molecular Pathways and the Role of Lactoferrin

et al. 2020

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The liver is a frontline immune site specifically designed to check and detect potential pathogens from the bloodstream to maintain a general state of immune hyporesponsiveness. One of the main functions of the liver is the regulation of iron homeostasis. The liver detects changes in systemic iron requirements and can regulate its concentration. Pathological states lead to the dysregulation of iron homeostasis which, in turn, can promote infectious and inflammatory processes. In this context, hepatic viruses deviate hepatocytes’ iron metabolism in order to better replicate. Indeed, some viruses are able to alter the expression of iron-related proteins or exploit host receptors to enter inside host cells. Lactoferrin (Lf), a multifunctional iron-binding glycoprotein belonging to the innate immunity, is endowed with potent antiviral activity, mainly related to its ability to block viral entry into host cells by interacting with viral and/or cell surface receptors. Moreover, Lf can act as an iron scavenger by both direct iron-chelation or the modulation of the main iron-related proteins. In this review, the complex interplay between viral hepatitis, iron homeostasis, and inflammation as well as the role of Lf are outlined.

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The role of iron in viral infections

Cited by 57 publications

References 23 publications

Hereditary haemochromatosis, haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and COVID-19

Hereditary haemochromatosis, haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and COVID-19

Lactoferrin as Protective Natural Barrier of Respiratory and Intestinal Mucosa against Coronavirus Infection and Inflammation

Viral Hepatitis and Iron Dysregulation: Molecular Pathways and the Role of Lactoferrin

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