Changes in the intracellular concentration of calcium ([Ca 2+ ] i) represent a vital signaling mechanism enabling communication between and among cells as well as with the environment. Cells have developed a sophisticated set of molecules, "the Ca 2+ toolkit," to adapt [Ca 2+ ] i changes to specific cellular functions. Mammalian oocytes and eggs, the subject of this review, are not an exception, and in fact the initiation of embryo devolvement in all species is entirely dependent on distinct [Ca 2+ ] i responses. Here, we review the components of the Ca 2+ toolkit present in mammalian oocytes and eggs, the regulatory mechanisms that allow these cells to accumulate Ca 2+ in the endoplasmic reticulum, release it, and maintain basal and stable cytoplasmic concentrations. We also discuss electrophysiological and genetic studies that have uncovered Ca 2+ influx channels in oocytes and eggs, and we analyze evidence supporting the role of a sperm-specific phospholipase C isoform as the trigger of Ca 2+ oscillations during mammalian fertilization including its implication in fertility. A n increase in the intracellular concentration of calcium ([Ca 2+ ] i) underlies the initiation, progression, and/or completion of a wide variety of cellular processes, including fertilization, muscle contraction, secretion, cell division, and apoptosis (Berridge et al. 2000, 2003; Clapham 2007). For Ca 2+ to perform these duties, cells create and maintain ionic gradients between extracellular and intracellular milieus and within the cellular content, thereby rendering this divalent ion into a signaling messenger. Cells have at their disposal a myriad of proteins with different affinities to bind Ca 2+ , which allows them to interpret and transform these elevations into cellular functions. This review will examine how mammalian oocytes and eggs, namely mouse gametes, which are the most widely studied, have adopted and adapted a variety of molecules involved in establishing cellular Ca 2+ homeostasis, the "Ca 2+ toolkit," to serve their precise physiological functions. These include the processes of maturation, fertilization, and embryo development until the birth of an offspring. In the egg, the activating Ca 2+ signal that initiates development has been broadly studied in many mammalian and nonmammalian species (Miyazaki 2006