The role of inspection and maintenance in controlling vehicular emissions in Kathmandu valley, Nepal

Faiz, Asif; Ale, Bhakta Bahadur; Nagarkoti, Ram Kumar

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.11.064

Cited by 27 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…[6][7][8] Motorcycles with 50-125 cm 3 engine displacement are far more popular than heavy-duty motorcycles (displacement > 250 cm 3 ) in Taiwan and other Asian countries. With different engines and fuel supply systems, the emissions from cars and motorcycles are different.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of gasoline aromatic content on emissions of volatile organic compounds and aldehydes from a four-stroke motorcycle

Yao¹,

Tsai²

2013

Environmental Technology

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A new four-stroke carburettor motorcycle engine without any engine adjustments was used to study the impact of fuel aromatic content on the exhaust emissions of organic air pollutants (volatile organic compounds and carbonyls). Three levels of aromatic content, i.e. 15, 25, and 50% (vol.) aromatics mixed with gasoline were tested. The emissions of aromatic fuel were compared with those of commercial unleaded gasoline. The results indicated that the A 15 (15 vol% aromatics in gasoline) fuel exhibited the greatest total organic emission improvement among these three aromatic fuels as compared with commercial gasoline, reaching 59%. The highest emission factors of alkanes, alkenes, and carbonyl groups appeared in the reference fuel (RF) among all of the test fuels. A 15 showed the highest emission reduction in alkanes (73%), aromatics (36%), and carbonyls (28%), as compared to those of the RF. The highest emission reduction ofalkenes was observed when using A25 as fuel. A reduction in fuel aromatic content from 50 to 25 and 15 vol% in gasoline decreased benzene and toluene emissions, but increased the aldehyde emissions. In general, the results showed that the highest emission reductions for the most of measured organic pollutants appeared when using A 15 as the fuel.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of gasoline aromatic content on emissions of volatile organic compounds and aldehydes from a four-stroke motorcycle

Yao¹,

Tsai²

2013

Environmental Technology

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“…Further, they observed more concentrated air pollution during winter compared to summer. In Kathmandu, numerous poorly maintained and old vehicles and low-grade and adulterated fuel are often the norms (Faiz et al 2006). Poor road conditions also contribute to emissions related to vehicle use.…”

Section: Oc and Ecmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal, has a land area of 395 km 2 , a rapidly increasing population of 1.08 million, and a vehicle usage rate that is growing by approximately 10 percent per year (CBS, 2005;Faiz et al, 2006). The city is located inside a valley with restricted free wind movement, resulting in poor air quality, especially with regard to PM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics and Sources of Carbonaceous, Ionic, and Isotopic Species of Wintertime Atmospheric Aerosols in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Shakya

Ziemba

Griffin

2010

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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To investigate the air pollution from aerosols in Kathmandu during winter, bulk aerosol samples were collected during winter [2007][2008] to characterize carbonaceous and ionic species and carbon and nitrogen isotopes. This study illustrates the applications of carbon and nitrogen isotope data for characterizing aerosols and their implications for identifying sources that were inconsistent with the results for the carbonaceous and ionic aerosols. Mean concentrations of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in Kathmandu during the period were 20.02 ± 6.59 (1σ), 4.48 ± 1.17, and 10.09 ± 3.64 µgC/m 3 , respectively. Elemental carbon and OC were correlated (R 2 = 0.56), likely indicating common sources for both species, as well as for the precursors that led to the formation of secondary organic carbon (SOC). The mean estimated SOC contribution to OC was 31%, suggesting that local emission is more important than transport and processing during winter in Kathmandu. On average, 50% of the OC was water soluble, and the correlation of SOC with WSOC (R 2 = 0.66) suggests that the majority of SOC and some primary organic carbon (POC) were water soluble in Kathmandu. The mean δ 13 C of -25.74 ± 0.19‰ observed in aerosols of Kathmandu confirms consistent anthropogenic sources such as fossil fuel combustion. Heavier carbon also was observed to be associated with the water-soluble fraction of OC in aerosols. The mean δ 15 N of 9.45 ± 0.87‰ suggests the limited influence of biomass burning and its strong correlation with crustal cations Ca 2+ (R 2 = 0.74, p < 0.05) and Mg 2+ (R 2 = 0.71, p < 0.05) indicates distant sources. Principal component analysis revealed four major sources/pathways for particles: local and vehicular emissions, secondary gas-to-particle conversion, aqueous processing, and dust transport, each explaining ~39, 23, 11, and 9% of the variance.

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“…Based on a cross country study of CO and HC emissions from over 200,000 vehicles in the USA, Canada, Mexico, the UK, and Sweden, Guenther et al (1994) found that less than 10 percent of the fleet, which are referred to as "gross polluters," are responsible for half of the total emissions. Likewise, around 10-12 percent of the existing vehicle fleet accounted for about 50 percent of transport sector CO emissions in Nepal from 2001(Faiz et al, 2006. Therefore, the problem of a small percentage of ill-maintained vehicles diluting the gains made through higher fuel, emissions, and fuel economy standards is not a developed or developing countries' problem; it is a global problem that calls for innovative ways to discourage "gross polluters" from getting on the roadways.…”

Section: Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance Programsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review Of Regulatory Instruments To Control Environmental Externalities From The Transport Sector

Timilsina

Dulal²

2009

Policy Research Working Papers

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The role of inspection and maintenance in controlling vehicular emissions in Kathmandu valley, Nepal

Cited by 27 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of gasoline aromatic content on emissions of volatile organic compounds and aldehydes from a four-stroke motorcycle

Effects of gasoline aromatic content on emissions of volatile organic compounds and aldehydes from a four-stroke motorcycle

Characteristics and Sources of Carbonaceous, Ionic, and Isotopic Species of Wintertime Atmospheric Aerosols in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

A Review Of Regulatory Instruments To Control Environmental Externalities From The Transport Sector

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