The role of inflammaging in the development of chronic diseases of older people

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Nutritionally Relevant Concentrations of Oleuropein and Hydroxytyrosol on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells: An Age-Related Analysis

“…To the best of our knowledge, no reports documented the effects of OLE and HT on PBMCs of subjects stratified according to age, thus we hypothesize that age-associated signs of immunosenescence and inflammaging might exert a role in influencing the immune cell answer to OLE and HT. This is an intriguing aspect that deserves further exploration since achieving the rejuvenation of an aged immune system and an improved control of low-grade chronic inflammation is a fundamental goal for a successful aging [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 9 , 13 , 68 , 69 ].…”

“…Control of inflammation becomes challenging as aging progresses, making inflammaging a recognized risk factor for age-associated chronic–degenerative and infectious diseases [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. In fact, during aging, the concomitant impact of immunosenescence and inflammaging contributes to modelling the conditions favoring the onset of cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, musculoskeletal disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer, while reducing the ability to face infections and respond to vaccination [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ].…”

“…Control of inflammation becomes challenging as aging progresses, making inflammaging a recognized risk factor for age-associated chronic–degenerative and infectious diseases [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. In fact, during aging, the concomitant impact of immunosenescence and inflammaging contributes to modelling the conditions favoring the onset of cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, musculoskeletal disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer, while reducing the ability to face infections and respond to vaccination [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ]. Immunosenescence impacts body homeostasis in terms of the clearance of senescent cells and production of inflammatory cytokines by functional defective/exhausted and senescent immune cells, establishing a strong connection with inflammaging [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ].…”

Aging unconventionally: γδ T cells, iNKT cells, and MAIT cells in aging

“…Immunosenescence is the gradual decline in the acquired immune response to foreign pathogens, most significantly due reduced numbers of naïve T cells [1] , accumulation of memory T cells [2] , reduced B cell numbers and function [3] , increased immunosuppression by regulatory T cells (T regs ) [4] , as well as dysfunction in the innate immune system in granulocytes, monocytes/macrophages, and Natural Killer (NK) cells [5] . A striking feature of immunosenescence is the excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines that increases with age, including Interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), IL-18, as well as chemokines such as Chemokine CC motif ligand 5 (CCL5) and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1), and this aging-associated proinflammatory state is called inflammaging [6] , [7] . Inflammaging is further accelerated by age-induced dysbiosis, which is the changing composition of component microorganisms of commensal microbiota that occurs with advancing age, associated with changes in the gut barrier immune cells and increased gut permeability [8] .…”